Issue In Health Policy And Management Essay

Introduction The element of well-being is a natural concern for the whole of mankind. It involves the maintenance of a balance, within him or her, with his or her fellow being and with the environment. The integral role of the individual’s health however is of extreme importance. The spectator of health care verses medical care. Health care refers to the prevention, remedy and handling of illness and the upholding of mental and physical stature through the services of the allied institutions include social insurance, which is a government undertaking for the underprivileged, injured, aged or even jobless citizenry. A pool of contributions from employers and also government income funds social insurance. Health care also includes medical aid, and is a federal state funded program that avails health care form the needy. Primary health care is the aspect of professional health care availed to the patients or distressed at first contact with the health care system. Medical care or Medicare is an insurance section of health care for the aged, focusing on the age 65 and over, that is funded and managed by the federal system. Whereas medical care is dedicated to serving a given age, health care is a broad section (that also includes medical care). The relationship between Health care, and the roots of our cultural convictions; Cultural convictions, existing as ethical and social values dictate the context within which systems function. Civil values like the special stewardship for safeguarding the sacredness of life and the Hippocratic oath influence health care immensely. The relationship of health care and other society demands creates another set of values i. e.availing consumers their respect, high quality service, provision and good value for money whereas consuming employee safely, fairness and a sensitive system (to their plight) they can be proud of. † Religion; essentially spirituality counts more so in matters of health care. Take the example of the Salvation Army movement on the blood transfusion debate. Some other religions will not allow the grafting of tissue from other individuals other than the patient. Constraining health care outreach to the desired of subject, as doctors and nurses refuse to perform medical procedures due to their personal beliefs. Dr. Saha Somnath in the study of the â€Å"Relevance of Cultural Distance between Patients and Physicians to Racial Disparities in Health care† portends that; â€Å"patients reported better relationship when seeing physicians of their own ethnicity or race. † explains the cultural racial disparities in health care. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY As addressed to the health care forum, in May 1998 by Daniel Yankelovich† Americans have embraced an expanding pluralism of groups, ways of thinking, points of view, subcultures and values. † That as the world changes and newer systems are embraced its necessary that our social values which concurrently impact on the economy and spiritual (belief) beings be on a balance with the health policy we pursue. References 1. Harold G. , A cross cultural Dialogue On Healthcare Ethics, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1999, USA. 2. Lee G. , A Cross Cultural Analysis of Values and Political Economy Issues. Greenwood/Praeger 1994, USA. 3. Susan H. , Religions, Culture and Healthcare: A practical handbook for use in Healthcare Enviroments, Radcliffe Publishing, 2006.

Thesis (Point of Sale System)

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION â€Å"Our belief at the beginning of a doubtful undertaking is the one thing that assures the successful outcome of any  venture† Starting up small businesses is a risky venture, particularly for first-time entrepreneurs. Taking a cautious approach and starting small is the best way to launch a small business. Entrepreneurs should avoid investing so much of their personal money that they would be financially ruined should the small-business venture fail.Starting a service business allows a skillful entrepreneur with a specialized background to capitalize on his skills to the fullest potential, sometimes earning more than they could work as an employee plying the same trade. They often doing more of the same things that made them successful in the first place and so are the humble beginnings of â€Å"LNKS†. They are the first t-shirt store in their place. June 2010 â€Å"LNKS† was built at Dona Erika Brgy. Zone 2, Talisay City by Achilles Palma, Christian Sausa, Rodzil Camato, Mary Ver Libo-on and Shiera Mae Tuting, group of friends since they were in college.The primary target of the business is the schools that surround the establishment and also the near offices, houses, community and passersby from other cities. The products of this business are produced to meet the customer’s new life style, sense of taste and expectations for better quality less expense t-shirts. Method of transportation is provided to facilitate an efficient distribution of the products to the respective customers. Promotion and advertisement of our products is applied. The investors are the owners of this business and it is now successfully booming in the industry.Honesty and professionalism is what the owners believe that makes the business stand still for a long time. LNKS is using manual system in every transactions and it’s hard for the cashier because it is time consuming and sometimes mistakes can’t be avoided. 1. 1 Organizational Background LNKS is an exciting new business that allows people to custom design a shirt, specifically the design on the front or back. LNKS will harness the power of computer sublimation to allow custom shirt printing in production runs as small as one unit.The company was founded last June 2010 by Achilles Palma, Christian Sausa, Rodzil Camato, Mary Ver Libo-on and Shiera Mae Tuting, LNKS have a storefront in Talisay City as well as a comprehensive website that advertise their products. Imagine the ability to create a totally custom shirt. You choose the material and style of the shirt, and then the image or graphic you want on the front and/or back. This is the ultimate form of expression. There are no limits to what you can communicate. Some people might show their fanaticism for a particular sports team, others a musician or you might have a social message or cause on your shirt.Whatever you may decide,  you can print any image on your shirt because it’s not just a shirt it’s who you are. 1. 2 Company Mission and Vision Mission LNKS’ will offer the finest in custom shirt sublimation production, the best product at the best price and customer's expectations will always be exceeded. Vision A company that shareholders, customers and society want with trustworthy leading brands for our consumers and customers' preferred supplier. 1. 3 Unit DescriptionGraphic Designer Web Developer Owner/ Manager Accountant Customer Services Production SupervisorOperation Staff Staff Sales Marketing Fig. 1. 0 Organizational Chart Description The owner/manager is the proprietor of the business. The owner hired a manager to run the business without him or without his supervision or supervise the business himself. The graphic designer supervisor is the one in charge in making all the designs and plans. The web developer is the one who is in charge in doing the advertisement or develop a website for the business as online presence. Production supervisor is the one who supervise if the products meet the supply and demands of the customer.Accountant is the one who does all the financial statement of the company, do the auditing if the business is gaining or losing. Sales marketing are the people who let the business be known in the market they do the advertisement or do some launching to make the business more popular for the consumer. Operation staff is the one in charge in the operation and the one who make decision on what to do or not if there is a problem occur. Who make sure that everything in the operation or in the building is doing good, he is also in charge on those machines and equipments being used if it is still good to used for or not or need a replacement.Customer service is the people who answer customer’s complaints and queries. Staffs make sure that everything was polished and products are ready to market. 1. 4 Current System Description LNKS is using manual system for selling products. Every time there is a buyer, the seller still writes everything from recording sales to receipts. Monthly inventory were based on sales recorded in every transactions. Inventory takes a lot time to discern the result because recorded transactions need to be reviewed first since sometimes error cannot be avoided. The manual system consumes a lot of time and it is laborious for the cashier. . 5 Current Data Flow Diagram Items’ Details Receipt 0 Manual POS Verification of Transaction Client Cashier Bill’s Information Items to be purchased Fig. 2. 0 Context Data Flow Diagram of the Current System This illustrates the Data Flow Diagram of the Walk-in/Order Transaction of the Current System. The cycle shows how the transaction works out. As the customer enter the store he/she will choose from the products then it will pass through the cashier were all the data/ bill will be calculated and written down and bills must be paid before customer gets the product/s. . 0 Verification of Produc t Product Information Cashier Product Client 2. 0 Calculating of Bills Bills’ Information Account Details 3. 0 Payment of Bills Bill/Payment Receipt and Purchased Product/s 4. 0 Issuance of Receipt Fig. 3. 0 First Explosion Data Flow Diagram of Walk-In Transaction of the Current System This explosion shows the walk-in transaction. Transaction starts when the customer enters the shop. As he/she chooses a product it will go through the cashier. Product will be first verified while the cashier writes everything into a ledger and receipt.Bills will be calculated manually or calculator will be used. After calculating the customer pays the bill and gets his/her receipt and product/s. 4. 0 Issuance of Receipt 3. 0 Paying of Partial/Full Payment 2. 0 Calculation of Bills 1. 0 Verifying of Products Product Stocks Items’ Information Product Client Cashier Bills’ Information Account Details Bill/Payment Claim Slip Claim Slip Receipt and Purchased Product/s Finished Product /s 5. 0 Issuance of Product/s Fig. 4. 0 First Explosion Data Flow Diagram of Order Transaction of Current SystemThe only difference between walk-in and order transaction is that order customer could pay partial or full and products will be given on the date agreed. 1. 6 Proposed Data Flow DiagramVerification of Transaction Cashier 0 Automated POS Receipt Client Item/s to be purchased Sales Fig. 5. 0 Context Data Flow Diagram of the Proposed System This illustrates the Data Flow Diagram of the Walk-in/Order Transaction of the Proposed System. The cycle shows how the transaction works out on proposed system. As the customer enter the store he/she will choose from the products then it will pass through the cashier were the sales happen.Sales include the inputting of data, calculating and payment of bills which all happens on the system. Printed receipt and product/s will be given afterwards but for the order transaction products will be delivered or fetch on the agreed date. 1. 0 Sales Product Information Product Client Cashier 1. 3 Payment of bills 1. 1 Verification of Product Account Details 2. 0 Issuance of Receipt Receipt and product/s Purchased Bills’ Information 1. 2 Calculating of bills Bill/Payment Fig. 6. 0 First Explosion Data Flow Diagram of Walk-in Transaction of the Propose System.This illustrates the detailed Data Flow Diagram of Walk-in Transaction of the Proposed System. On proposed system everything will be easy and faster because all you/cashier have to do is to input data into the system and the system works everything for you/cashier. As the customer chooses a product/s, cashier input the date and quantity, he/she chooses on the product list price automatically appear, system calculates the total amount and receipt will be printed out. Then product and receipt will be given to the customer. Product Product Stocks 1. 0 Sales Inventory Cashier ClientProduct Information 2. 1 Verification of transaction 2. 0 Sales Bills Information 3. 0 Iss uance of receipt Receipt 2. 2 Calculating/ payment of bills Receipt 3. 0 Issuance of products Products Fig. 7. 0 First Explosion Data Flow Diagram of the Order Transaction of the Current System This illustrates the detailed Data Flow Diagram of the Order Transaction of the Current System. Walk-in and order transaction is almost the same. First is that the customer chooses from the list of product and gives added information or requests while the cashier input those data into the system.System will calculate everything for the cashier and as the customer pays the bill, customer will just wait for the delivery of the purchased products on the date agreed. CHAPTER II Project Charter This chapter discusses the strategies being done by the proponent that made them came out with the idea of improving the manual operations inside the business. This chapter also includes the problem statements and the objectives of the project. 2. 2 Statement of the Problem The lists of problems of the curr ent system used of the business are as follows: . Consumes a lot of time on writing every single detail in each transactions. 2. Loss of documents because of unsecure storage due to paper works and ledger. 3. Incorrect/unreliable result of inventory depending on manual list. 2. 1 Project Objective The exact objectives of the proposed Point of Sale System are as follows: 1. Make every transaction easy and faster because cashier will just input data to the computer. 2. To avoid loss of information/data of transaction because of secure storage and backups are available. 3.To have an accurate total inventory because of automatic calculation of sold/unsold products. 2. 3 Scope and Limitation The main concern of this project is the daily transactions and inventory of LNKS. The purpose of this project is to solve the problem about manual transaction. POS helps LNKS in recording sales, inventory, reports and printed receipts. The POS will be a competitive advantage to business competitors. 2. 4 Project Vision Customers want a faster transaction and that is the LNKS Point of Sale. Records of data are manageable, reliable and well-organized for inventory. 2. 5 Business ConstraintsAll of them are in favor of the project proposal of Point of Sale of LNKS. But we can't avoid constraint like having employees who isn’t comfortable or used to of using computer yet they are willing to undergo training. Because we are now in a computer generated world customers will surely approve because it will make every transactions faster and reliable. 2. 6 Project Strategy The company studied to find out the problem and gather some suggestion for the betterment of the transaction of the company. The company considers the affect of manual transaction to the cashier and inventory.Company even interacts with other company to mobilize the current system for transaction. The programmer decided to use Microsoft Visual Studio and Access for database to keep track on every data inputted in the Point of Sale System. Programmers studied every corner of the manual transaction for them to know and to figure out what are the problems to be solved and applied in the Point of Sale System. CHAPTER III Review of Related Literature This chapter contains different companies that use POS system in their businesses. The proponents are eager to enhance the capability of the proposed system.In relation to that this chapter’s contents will give the proponents ideas on how to optimize and enhance the system that they would like to have for the benefits of user, employees, the business and the clients. 3. 1 Local Literature E. C. PAY Through the years, E. C. Pay has produced several products and services that catered to the needs of its merchant clients. Several of these noteworthy achievements include real-time loading of air-time credits, bills payment, electronic pins, retailer loading, and POS integration services. Features Technological Conveniences Simple, user-friendly a nd robust system * Electronic dispensing of e-pins done real-time (i. e. virtually unlimited variety of prepaid card products can be made available) * multi-platform solution enables merchants to select an option suitable to their current business practice and operating procedures * E. C. Pay's time-tested prepaid virtual wallet system allows for a â€Å"liquid inventory† so that merchants are no longer saddled with the cost of unsold or non-moving products * Updates for new products and services are done centrally by E.C. Pay so there is no need to update the storefront for any change * Real-time Settlement and Reconciliation * Automated Back-office Billing * Daily / Weekly / Monthly reports are sent to the merchants in their preferred formats. * Replenishment is made simpler by loading through other E. C. Pay accredited merchants. Cost Savings / Added Revenue * Reduction/elimination of opportunity losses resulting from stock-outs and over-stocks * Reduction/elimination in p repaid inventory-related costs: a) Handling, b) Receiving, c) Storing, and; ) Delivery * Reduction/elimination of pilferage/theft of prepaid products * Additional revenues arising from other products and services aside from prepaid loading * Additional revenues from advertising and promotions, and partner-sponsored promos and events Security * Various Encryption methodologies are employed generously throughout every possible process to ensure the safe storage and delivery of services * E. C. Pay's NOC is safely secured in IBM Plaza in Eastwood and is redundant in another VITRO location. * Advanced feedback (i. e. se of â€Å"warning flags† in reconciliation reports to alert clients on potential settlement problems) * Provides access controls for various levels of Web access within a single client * Full audit trails are disclosed and made available to client merchants on their transactions 7-ELEVEN 7-Eleven Food stores migrate to NEC Point-of-Sale system In a move to meet the ir plans of doubling net income from P9. 3 million of last year, PSC began its foray into information technology to further improve its franchisee and company store operations that will translate to better sales and more responsive customer care.PSC adopted a new point-of-sale (POS) system that is meant to respond more efficiently to the demands of today’s breed of consumers. This includes the provision for one-stop, round-the-clock on-line repayment and purchase services ranging from utility bills to credit card. Features * Efficient distribution of information from store site to corporate site * Multi-store Editing – maintain single corporate database of PLU’s, Prices, Taxes and Screen * Layouts by database store group * Maintain individual store database for employee, store messages and ommunication * Consolidated reporting by time or store group, by region or a combination * Password protected security levels * Schedule daily and weekly tasks such as importi ng files and receiving consolidated reports * Prices can be assigned to a group of stores or assigned by each store * Hi-speed connections at each site allows store to connect to internet provider via: Router with DSL cable Router with Modem Back-up * Individual store automatically â€Å"pushes† files by schedule to the FTP site * Store database updates downloaded files prior to activation with confirmation. 3. Foreign Literature WENDY’S INTERNATIONAL Wendy’s International has chosen WAND NextGen Point of sale software for its franchisees. WAND currently has more than 1,600 Wendy’s restaurant installations, providing an intimate knowledge of the Wendy’s system. Wendy’s is engaged in a Point of Sale system which would: * Support conversional ordering * Increase accuracy and speed * Allow for significant growth in menu offerings. WAND NexGen POS conducted field studies in various markets and store types, learning about emplyees’ struggl es, frustrations, and the unique context in which their employees work.WAND brought back some surprising findings regarding customer interaction, employees’ use of technology (and ways they got around its limitations. ) The proponents also provided insights which helped corporate adjust the way they monitored and communicated with employees. WAND analyzed customer orders collected in the field, and created a design based on this and a host of other data. Thus, the design was founded not only on solid usability principles, but also on hard data specific to the Wendy’s environment. The new design allows cashiers to: Take an order as the customer speaks it with less transaction and fewer interruptions. -Easily make adjustments when the customer changes his/her mind. -Assess order accuracy at the point of interaction, rather than having to continually check the virtual receipt. -Quickly find needed menu items and functions, due to an organization ad flow that matches the w ay they think. -The new design has produced a 90% reduction in voids while increasing speed of service, order accuracy, customer satisfaction, and average check size. NICKY NICOLENicky Nicole, a children’s fashion store located in Hudson, Ohio, has only been open a year, but already business is solid. Specializing in clothing, jewelry and items for young girls between the ages of 4-14, Nicky Nicole is quickly merging into the fashion scene. Starting a new business can be overwhelming, but MJ Leman, the owner of Nicky Nicole, did the research and decided long before the store opened that she would use the latest technology to give her an operational advantage. Lehman’s goal from the start was to establish a data-driven based operating system that could accurately track buying and selling.The challenge was finding a cost efficient and easy to use system that would meet the needs of this new specialty store. WASP Quick Store POS Solution was suggested to Nicky Nicole beca use it includes everything needed to control inventory, conduct sales and manage the customized requirements of a retail business. What the system establishes is the ability to keep track of what is selling and allows the owner to make the proper business decisions when it comes to new orders. In addition, the combination of this detailed data captures system and a clearly labeled inventory guarantees that every sale is professional and error free.This enables Nicky Nicole to increase productivity by eliminating the need for paper files, handwritten data reports, Lehman will not have to worry about lost inventory or stock-outs. With the Wasp POS system, tracking inventory and managing sales at Nicky Nicole is simple. Wasp Quick Store Point of Sale gives this small business access to the same technology that allows the larger, higher-volume retailers too quickly and accurate manage transactions. This complete business management system gives Lehman total control of her store from the sales registers to the stock room and every step in between. . 3 Summary of Findings Based on what the researcher researched and on the data gathered in both local and foreign companies uses Point of Sale System, the researcher found an idea about how the system will look like. The feature of the Point of Sale System is said to be more accurate and much faster in making every transaction. The system will enable also to provide and manage for maintenance and transaction which can generate an accurate and detailed report ready for submission in every inventory. The system also has various features which involve user-friendly interface and fast lookups.CHAPTER IV FORMS and DATA ANALYSIS 4. 1 Form Description This is where the forms are shown and its functions. Fig. 8. 0 LOG IN FORM Log-in form is where every data/transaction of a business is secured. The only one who can access through the stored files is the admin and limited areas for the user/cashier. Fig. 9. 0 MAIN FORM Main form has the record of all transactions; list of products, suppliers, customers, sales order, purchase order and reports. Fig. 10. 0 PRODUCT FORM Product form is where product’s data is added, stored and could be deleted. Fig. 11. 0 SALES FORMSales Form has the record of sales transaction; date of sales, cashier, customer, product, quantity, price and total amount. It also has the button for printing receipt. Fig. 12. 0 PURCHASE ORDER FORM Purchase order form has the record of purchase transaction; date of sales, cashier, customer, product, quantity, price and total amount. It also has the button for printing receipt. Fig. 13. 0 ADD CUSTOMER FORM Customer form is where customer’s data is added, stored and could be deleted. Fig. 14. 0 ADD USERS FORM Users Form is where the admin could add another user, edit user’s data or delete a user.Fig. 15. 0 CASHIER FORM Cashier form has a limited button for cashier unlike main form where the only one who could access is the admi n. The cashier could only access the sales, sales order and reports. Fig. 16. 0 CUSTOMER FORM Customer Form has the list, with its information, of the entire customer that LNKS has encountered. Fig. 17. 0 SALES RECORD FORM Customer Form has the list, with its information, of the entire customer that LNKS has encountered. Fig. 18. 0 INVENTORY FORM Inventory Form is where the transactions of products purchased are recorded.Fig. 19. 0 PURCHASE RECORD FORM Purchase Order Form displays all the purchase order records that contain supplier’s name, qty, product’s name, price and total amount. Fig. 20. 0 SALES ORDER FORM Sales Order Form has the record of sales transaction; date of sales, cashier, customer, product, quantity, price and total amount. It also has the button for printing receipt. 4. 2 Data Dictionary This is where the tables are shown with its column name, data type, field size, if it is optional or not, foreign or primary key and its description. Table 1 Log In F ormFIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| User’s unique identifier| Username| Text| 20| No| | Username of user| Password| Text| 20| No| | Password of user| Table 2 Customer Form FIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Customer ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Customer’s unique identifier| Lastname| Text| 50| No| | Lastname of customer| Firstname| Text| 50| No| | Firstname of customer| Address| Text| 100| Yes| | Address of customer| Contact No. | Text| 15| Yes| | Contact No. of customer| Table 3 Product FormFIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Product ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Product’s unique identifier| Quantity| Number| Long integer| No| | Qty left in products| Product name| Text| 100| No| | Name of product| Price| Currency| | No| | Price of each product| Table 4 Supplier Form FIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPT ION| Supplier ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Supplier unique identifier| Suppliers name| Text| 100| No| | Supplier’s Name| Address| Text| 100| Yes| | Address of supplier| Contact No. | Text| 15| No| | Contac No. of supplier| Table 5 Sales Order FormFIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Sales order ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Sales Order unique identifier| Customer ID| Number| Long integer| Yes| | Customer’s Name| Date| Date/Time| | No| | Date of transaction| Table 6 Sales Order Details Form FIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Sales Order Details ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Sales Order Details unique identifier| Sales Order ID| Number| Long integer| No| FK| Sales Order unique identifier| Quantity| Number| Long integer| No| | Qty of products sold| Product name| Text| 100| No| | Name of product|Price| Currency| | No| | Price of each product| Amount| Currency| | No| | Total amount of sold produc ts| Table 7 Purchase Order Form FIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Purchase Order ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Sales Order unique identifier| Customer ID| Number| Long integer| Yes| | Customer’s Name| Date| Date/Time| | No| | Date of transaction| Table 8 Purchase Order Details Form COLUMN NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION|Purchase Order Details ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Purchase Order Details unique identifier| Purchase Order ID| Number| Long integer| No| FK| Purchase Order unique identifier| Quantity| Number| Long integer| No| | Qty of products bought| Product name| Text| 100| No| | Name of product| Price| Currency| | No| | Price of each product| Amount| Currency| | No| | Total amount of sold products| CHAPTER V PROJECT TECHNICALITY 5. 1 System Project Scope The programmer designs the system easy for the users to use. It can be access by the admin/user.This system will be used for the daily transaction of LNKS. Information of every transaction are saved and secured. Saved data will used for inventory. 5. 2 Usage Scenario Log-in/Log out Encode Information of Customer Access System for Inventory Reports Access Transaction/Printing Receipts User Log-in/Log out Adding/Editing Prices/Deleting Adding New User/Cashier Access for Inventory Reports Admin User Log-in/Log-out Name| Log in/Log out| Description| Admin can access the system| Actor| Admin| Scenario| Happy Path * The admin will choose the username and type the password. Admin will log-in into the system| Workflow| | Add New Transaction Name| Add Data| Description| Can create new data| Actor| Admin| Scenario| Happy Path * The admin can add new data. * Admin will encode all data needed. | Workflow| | Delete Data Name| Delete data| Description| Can delete data| Actor| Admin| Scenario| Happy Path * The admin will delete invalid or undesirable data. | Workflow| | View Data Name| View Data| Description| Admin can view saved data| Actor| Admin| Scenario| Happy Path * The admin will view saved and updated data. | Workflow| | Customer’s AccountName| Log in/Log out| Description| Admin can access the system| Actor| User| Scenario| Happy Path * The user will access the system but with limitation. | Workflow| | Customer’s Data Name| Add customer’s data| Description| Can add new customer’s data| Actor| User| Scenario| Happy Path * The user will add new data for the customer’s record. | Workflow| | Customer’s Data Name| View customer’s data| Description| Can view all customer’s data| Actor| User| Scenario| Happy Path * The user will view customer’s data for transaction purposes. | Workflow| | Customer’s OrderName| Calculate customer’s data| Description| Can total all customer’s order| Actor| User| Scenario| Happy Path * The user will total customer’s order and save the transaction. | Workflow| | Customer’s Bill Name| Issued bil l for customers| Description| Can issued receipts for the purchased products of the customer. | Actor| User| Scenario| Happy Path * The user will sum-up the bill * The user will issued receipts for purchased products. | Workflow| | CHAPTER VI 6. 1 Software Requirements The programmer preferred to use the following software for the propose system of LNKS.Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 is used for making and designing the GUI of the system, Microsoft Access is used as the database program for monitoring the files or data and Photoshop was used for the logo of LNKS. SOFTWARE| MINIMUM| RECOMMENDED| 1. Microsoft Visual Studio 2008| MVS2008| MVS2008| 2. Microsoft Access| Microsoft Office 2007| Microsoft Office 2010| 3. Photoshop| Photoshop CS3| Photoshop CS5| 6. 2 Hardware Requirements Hardware requirements for the proposed system are the following: HARDWARE| MINIMUM| RECOMMENDED| 1.AMD or Intel Pentium 4 Dual Core processor| 2 Dual Core processor| 4 Dual Core processor| 2. 128 MB of RAM| 1 28 MB of RAM| Higher if possible| 3. 100 GB Hard drive| 100 GB| Higher if possible| 4. Screen Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"800| | | 5. Mouse| Touchpad| Optical Mouse| 6. Keyboard| any| any| 7. Monitor| 16bit Colored Monitor| 32bit Colored Monitor| 8. USB Storage Mass/Disk for back-up files| 50 GB| Higher if possible| 9. Printer| Laser Printer| Ink Jet Printer| 6. 3 Staff Requirements and Qualification The Point of Sale System is intended for the daily transactions of LNKS with customers and suppliers.The manager is responsible to evaluate reports and improving strategies to enhance the quality of transaction, operation and inventory. The user must also know how to operate the POS or if not the user might go through a training session to familiarize the features, capabilities and different functions of the POS. STAFF| QUALIFICATIONS| 1. Admin| Computer Literate, Proficient in using the system, knows how to troubleshoot. | 2. User| Fast Learner and willing to undergo training. | CHAPTER VII I n this part, it discusses about the proposed Point of Sale system for LNKS.This chapter includes the summary, conclusion and recommendation. The summary discusses the reasons why the programmer proposed the Point of Sales system. The conclusion tells the output of the proposed system and the recommendation involves the idea or the suggestions of the programmer. 7. 1 Summary of Findings In proposing the system, the programmer makes sure that the system proposes would be a big help for the LNKS to solve the problem and to be more competitive. The programmer proposed the system to change the current system and remove the problem that the manual system produced.LNKS needs POS system to make the transactions easy and faster, to be more efficient and to avoid loss of documents and incorrect manual list. But before that, the programmer had undergone in the process of observation, data gathering and analysis to think what is the best to provide improvement for the LNKS, the programmer had a n idea to propose a POS system for the LNKS. As the first problem states that manual transaction consumes a lot of time because of writing, so POS could make it faster through inputting data directly in the computer.Second problem is the storage where ledger is used and it could be lost or misplaced but it could be saved by POS because of its back up storage with security measures. And the last one is having unreliable result of inventory based on ledger; it could be because of unreadable penmanship or overlook of data, to have an accurate result POS enter where it has an automatic calculation of sold/unsold products and sales report whenever the company needs it. 7. 2 Conclusions The programmer concludes that the POS system is more professional to use than the manual transactions to avoid problems of the LNKS.Through the POS system, LNKS will maintain the records easily and safely and sent an accurate report for inventory. Transaction would be faster and can also avoid errors in li sting details. 7. 3 Recommendation The system made to be much more improved than the current system. POS system can meet the needs of LNKS to become successful in such an easy way process and to gain a competitive edge over other business, for its process of transactions is easy and less errors. REFERENCES 7-Eleven (2011, February 13). Point of sale.Retrieved (February 20, 2011) from http://www. 7eleven. com. ph/AboutUs/CompanyProfile/tabid/94/Default. aspx E. C Pay (2012, February 13). Billing and Inventory sytem. Retrieved (Feb 20, 2012) from http://ECPAY. com/Arizona Department of Transportation Wendy’s International. (). Point-of-Sale Designs. Retreived February 18, 2012 Nicky Nicole. (). Point-of-Sale. Retreived February 21,2012 www. waspbarcode. com/point_of_sale/case_nickynicole. asp USER’S MANUAL Log-in and Log-out Procedure (admin and cashier) 1. Log-in form must be filled with username and password.If it doesn’t match or username and password are inval id, a message box will appear to warn the user. 2. If log-in was successful, for admin, MDIFORM will appear consist of transaction, reports, users, items and help. For cashier, a form with Sales and Report button will appear. 3. When Log-out is click MDIFORM will close and it will go back to the Log-in form. Add Sales Procedure (admin) 1. Click Transaction and choose Sales on the MDIFORM. 2. Then the Sales Form will appear. Click add new button. Fill-in all needed data, click save and then close.Add User Procedure (admin) 1. Click Users and choose Add user on the MDIFORM. 2. Then the Add User Form will appear. Click add new button. Fill-in all needed data, click save and then close. Add New Product Procedure (admin) 1. Click Items and choose Input Products on the MDIFORM. 2. Then the Items Form will appear. Click add new button. Fill-in all needed data, click save and then close. Add Sales Procedure (cashier) 1. Click Sales on the Cashier Form. 2. Then the Sales Form will appear. Cl ick add new button. Fill-in all needed data, click save and then close.

An Observation of Clients Suffering from Common Mental Disorders and the Legal Implications of Sharing Patient Information

An Observation of Clients Suffering from Common Mental Disorders and the Legal Implications of Sharing Patient Information In the past week, I observed two clients who were suffering from common mental disorders although the development of the condition was very different especially because of the existing differences in social environment. The clients had a behavioral engagement group session. Sharing of patient information without their consent is illegal as per the HIPAA guidelines although provision of a general focus and understanding is accepted without exposing the privacy of the clients. Client description The first client was a thirteen-year-old male child who was having an oppositional defiant disorder. This was confirmed after a series of tests. The client was very argumentative and got easily annoyed even for no good reason. The client had not sought any prior medical attention since the situation was largely assumed by parents who thought that it was just a stage before escalating where the client at times was unable to control his action. The second client that I observed was a 15-year-old male who had serious challenges regarding her ability to concentrate. The client could not focus and pay attention for a continuous ten minutes. This situation was very worrying especially his school life where his grades were getting poor and there was no way that even teachers and his parents could do to change the trend. The client was diagnosed with attention deficit disorder (McGillivray Evert, 2014). DSM-5 The DSM-5 highlights that for an individual to be diagnosed with mental disorder condition, they must have had emotional and behavioral symptoms that have lasted for a period of at least six months. This requirement was valid in this case considering the fact that the clients had the condition for years. The condition of their mental disorders were moderate since the symptoms used to occur both at home and at school (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Legal implications The legal issues in both cases are based on ensuring that patient information is held with privacy and high level of confidentiality to ensure that the privacy of each patient is maintained. This enhances professional relationship between the client and the counselor. The client must consent to the treatment intervention suggested. This entails informed consent that is a serious aspect in delivery of healthcare (Wheeler, 2014).

Biological basis of schizophrenia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Biological basis of schizophrenia - Essay Example This paper will discuss the biological basis of schizophrenia and what has led to that belief. Schizophrenia is a complex debilitating psychotic disorder that involves a disconnection between thought and language. It affects, thoughts, feeling, perceptions, and overall behavior. The usual onset is age 17 to 25. 90% of those that are being treated are 15-55. Onset before 10 and after 60 is rare (Porth & Matfin, 2008). Recent research and data present a complex image of a brain dysfunction with alterations in anatomic structures as well as protein synthesis and functional disturbances. Some of the manifestations include incomprehensible speech, delusions, hallucinations, and sometimes catatonic behavior. It is thought that sounds and color are more vivid and louder to these patients (Porth, et.al., 2008). There is paranoia as they believe people are watching them or out to get them. Though the studies following show some research into the neurophysiology of schizophrenic symptoms, it is still virtually unknown what the pathogenesis is. It is known from the imaging techniques being used that there are abnormalities in the construction of the brain but how do those abnormalities relate to the psychological issues. This is still unknown. It will be important to discern at what age this disease begins to manifest itself. One of the studies noted leads the researcher to believe that it may be a manifestation of development in uterus and not occur post partum. Young children are not often scanned so it is not known for sure (Porth, 2008). It is known, however, that adolescents who have a strong family history and who have been scanned do have the larger ventricles shown in a parental scan. Treatment at this time has not changed much though future study may change that. Presently the goal of treatment is still to attempt to induce remission, and improve behavior and c ognitive function. Outcomes from the illness are improved and some

Bullying at Health care Work Places Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bullying at Health care Work Places - Essay Example As the paper outlines workplace bullying has been recognized as one of the most recurrent internal issues which affect health care dissemination. In definition, workplace bullying is any form of abuse that is repetitive in a way such that the victim suffers intimidation, threats, verbal abuse, humiliation, or just any act which keeps them from performing their duties to the best of their ability. The danger of workplace bullying affects both the professional and patient in this context of health care. In the light of these, the following study will highlight the issue of health care workplace bullying, and support that it limits the dissemination of health care, thus endangering the lives of patients. From this paper it is clear that workplace bullying in health care is a big problem which affects the professionals and their patients as well. Again, he states that bullying will lead to lack of morale and feelings of helplessness, and any health care professional subjected to such conditions cannot perform well. The reasons offered as to why a health care professional may bully another include the need to control others, lack of remorse or guilt, an exaggerated sense of self, or being overly stubborn amongst others. Some forms of bullying include lack of appreciation by supervisors where credit is due, unfair degradation occurs, being falsely termed as incompetent, or denial or requested help. The list is endless. The impact of bullying is dangerous since it may lead to lost productivity, high turnover, work dissatisfaction, work-related injuries, and absenteeism. Collectively, these factors affect the patient most since they lack sufficient care, or receive low quality care, or l ack any care at all.

Imagery and Symbolism in Surfacing by Margaret Atwood Essay

Imagery and Symbolism in Surfacing by Margaret Atwood - Essay Example From this research it is clear that authors use symbolism because of their hidden and deeper meanings. Atwood uses American images showing how Americans were invading and ruining Canada. The Americans put missile silos, filled the villages with tourist cabins, and left trashes everywhere. Atwood describes the growth and expansion of American as the cause of cultural infiltration. The narrator of the story calls Americans having a brain disease, relating their identity with behavior disregard rather than of nationalism. According to Atwood, an American is someone who involves himself in unnecessary violence, likes technology, and misuses resources. David argues that he hates Americans, but he likes baseball and he tends to imitate Woody Woodpecker, a funny human like cartoon character. Atwood further describes American expansion as psychologically corrupt and destructive. On the contrary, she believes she should have acted as one. In page 24, she says, â€Å"†¦.I see I’ve made a mistake, I should have pretended to be an American†. The narrator keeps on mentioning power several times in his story showing that he is actively in such of it. In the fourth chapter, Atwood remembers her thoughts that a certain plant seeds would make her more powerful. In Chapter 19, the narrator also says that doctors pretend that children’s birth is because of their power and not the mothers’ ability. The authors asserts, â€Å"the power from my father’s intercession wasn’t enough to protect me, it gave only knowledge†¦.†. This shows how the author presents men as more powerful. ... The authors asserts, â€Å"the power from my father’s intercession wasn’t enough to protect me, it gave only knowledge†¦.†(Atwood 168). This shows how the author presents men as more powerful In the fifteenth chapter, Atwood remembers herself pretending to be a powerful and helpless animal. She later puts much emphasizes on the quest of â€Å"the power†. She claims that, ever since her birth, she has been receiving isolations and emotional disturbance from the unfair religious and gender roles. She later gains her say by promising not to be powerless. She later comes to understand that, for one to be a good member of the society, one must learn on how to love and communicate. Symbolism The Barometer Atwood portrays barometer’s symbol through Paul’s wooden barometer. In page 40, she says, â€Å"†¦like the wooden man and woman in the barometer house at Paul’s†. Assessment of the barometer symbolizes her attitudes towards marriage. Atwood finally compares the barometer couples with Paul and Madame, which according to her means empty marriage. She notes that Paul and Madame seem wooden. The narrator even compares the image of barometer symbol with that of her parents sawing a portion of birch. The birch image is good because Atwood relates birches with the undestroyed nature. The image of the barometer also symbolizes unrealistic and unattainable type of romance, although her parents have true love. The Hanged Heron The use of Hanged Heron represents the America way of a destructive nature. The narrator keeps on thinking about the senselessness of her slaughter, knowing that it was hanged instead of being buried. Atwood uses the Heron’s death to

The debt ceiling Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The debt ceiling - Term Paper Example This happened since the government did not want a repeat of 2001 fiscal crisis, which was because of the Congress refusing to raise the debt ceiling. However, raising the debt ceiling has driven the national debt to wanting levels; $14.3 trillions. In my opinion the debt ceiling should be raise, but as a short-term measure. This is because failure to raise the ceiling would have consequences. The first consequence is that the government may be unable to pay its workforce their salaries. This may lead to unrest in the country. Secondly, the government may default on what it owes other creditors, for examples, holders of government securities. These are monies in terms of bonds’ principal and interest. This would result to the US government having a bad credit rating. Government securities’ risk would go up causing the rate of interest attached to them going up. As a result, the cost of capital in the entire economy would go up thus increasing the cost of doing business. This in turn would lead to economic growth slowing down (Allen, 2012). Thirdly, foreign investors might lose faith to the US government thus refusing to lend to it. They may also sell their US government’s securities. This, in turn, may lead to the dollar losing value against the world currencies. All these may compound the situation and return the economy back to recession (Allen, 2012). Additionally, other conditions should accompany the raising of the debt ceiling. These should be long-term measures. First, the government should cut spending on unproductive activities such as wars and defense. These are some of the government expenses, which do not add value to the economy. Cutting spending on these activities would reduce the budget deficit, which would enable the government to lower the debt ceiling in future. Finally, the government should increase taxes on corporate and the rich to reasonable rates that should not hurt the economy. This too would help in reducing the budget

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 50

Personal Statement Example During his tenure, he gained a vast experience in management and decided to launch his corporation that specialized in home appliances where he was the director. As a teenager, I worked with him in the corporation and incessantly acquired expertise and proficiency in management of security systems. For a duration of circa 2 years, starting 1st January 2008 to 6th November 2010, I was a system security officer for all branches of the establishment where I learned a lot from regular exchanges with customers. The aim of my job is to protect information from hackers and theft. I believe that the security of information is of vital prominence in the contemporary tech-savvy society. My desire to partake CIS is further bolstered by my ability to effectively undertake simple tasks such as word processing as well as fairly multifaceted tasks including administration of Linux web servers. Given a chance, I would use my interest and the skill that I will acquire from the course to contribute towards the betterment of our society and plummet or completely eliminate the huge number of hacking cases that have frustrated the effective functioning of businesses. Although I am currently enrolled in my University, I would like to transfer to this University and use my government’s scholarship to complete CIS. My decision is informed by the indisputable fact that the University’s reputation, academic staff, research facilities, prospects of its graduates landing a job are above par. What’s more, the University’s study plan is compatible with specialization in CIS, a factor that will empower me to develop personal skills, serve society, and reconnoiter other aspects of the specialty. As an international student, I can communicate fluently within and without the study environment. Thus, I will be able to cooperate with groups in accomplishing my personal goals and the University’s goals. Moreover, my aptitude to communicate will be

Dream for Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Dream for Case Study - Essay Example Once I am up, everything in the room appears in miniature, and perhaps even gets smaller as I struggle to find my school uniform. When I eventually find my school uniform it is, of course, too small. I tuck it under my arm and leave my bedroom - only just managing to fit through the door. I call out to my mother, telling her that my clothes have shrunk. I feel as though my mother must have done something wrong the last time she washed my uniform, and expect her to somehow be able to fix the problem. As I walk down the hallway of the house that leads to the dining room, the hall begins to shrink, and it seems to get longer and longer. The hallway stretches out for about 800 metres, and at different times I feel tired and disillusioned and feel as though I may never reach the end. As I walk I continue to call out to my mother. At first I am angry, then sad, then pleasant, trying different strategies that I feel might get her attention. I feel aware that she can hear me - but is just ignoring me. There are wild cats running back and forth across the hallway in front of me, going from rooms on one side of the hall, into rooms on the other. The cats are mangy and feral and look very startled to see me. At one time I can see around five of them gathered at the end of the hallway in the distance - but by the time I am near to the end they have scurried away. I am glad they are gone because, even though they seemed afraid of me, I was equally wary of them. I notice clumps of cat hair on the floor and think that the cats must have had a fight in the hallway. I feel even more relieved that they are gone. Eventually I reach the dining room door and squeeze through. Once inside the dining room, everything appears relatively normal. I am still fully grown, but the room is its normal size, and so are my parents, who are both at the table eating their breakfast. I hold up my tiny school uniform and try to tell my mother it has shrunk - but can't speak. She looks up and sees me holding the uniform and looks angry. She stands up and slams her hand down on the table, saying "What have you done, mister" My father looks up disapprovingly and shakes his head, then returns to eating his breakfast. He is eating sausages and eggs, and I notice he is trying to cut them up using a tiny, miniature knife and fork. I look down and notice his right hand shrinking. I think: 'Oh no, he's shrinking too - it's starting again.' I look away and try to pretend I didn't see it. I am scared my mother will blame me for shrinking him. My mother grabs the uniform off me and throws it in the garbage disposal. When she turns on the garbage disposal it makes a loud shriek - like a woman screaming in agony - but noone seems to notice the sound except me. My mother says: "You will just have to go to school naked - again." I look down and realise that I have no clothes on and panic and feel embarrassed, then I notice that she said 'again' - and feel even more humiliated. I start struggling to recall when I had previously been to school naked - but can't remember any such incident. I start to feel compelled to correct my mother, and explain that I had never been to school without my clothes on - but she refuses to listen and gets angry - telling me to hurry up and eat my breakfast. I steal a glance at my father and his hand is back to normal, I feel relieved and start to eat my breakfast - which is also sausages and eggs. As I start to eat, it

Modern Warfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modern Warfare - Essay Example There does not seem to be the romanticized notion of patriotism so often heralded by authors within the working class. This is especially so with respect to the Vietnam war. In the draft during the Vietnam War, the middle class were almost protected. "Vietnam was more limited, and the military was determined to channel bourgeois and even middle-class youth away from combat" (Appy 1993). Indeed, it has traditionally been the working class that have been convinced that their servitude would benefit them when in fact the benefit fell to the higher classes. Promises such as forgiven student loans, GI Bills, medical insurance, a ten thousand dollar sign up bonus, promises of training that will lead to promising civilian careers and a multitude of other benefits seem like a miracle for a group of people who are not economically exposed to such seeming luxuries. Consistently, the working class, already a group accustomed to taking orders is taken advantage of. The Cold War saw miners in Canada loosing their jobs without any benefits. At first, miners were encouraged to retire with the introduction of benefit packages. However as time progressed, miners who were on the edge of retirement had to literally "hang on" in the hopes of receiving their full benefit package. Mines were operating at far less than a five day week. There was also a drop in the need of railway steam coal. World War I found the entry of women into the work force. While not at battle, women were in operation making clothes, sending supplies and still supporting their families. Thus economically speaking, the working class women were able to add to their economic circumstance. During the time between World War I and World War II, there was a loss of markets for what is considered to be staple industries. These industries included coal, iron, steel, ship making and textiles. This loss combined with technological advances which allowed for increases in production culminated in the loss of over a million jobs for the working class. The touted gains from these two wars did nothing to balm the suffering of the working class. In the Iraq war, which still looms, stop-loss (the practice of unilaterally extending a soilder's stay in his or her station) has been consistently upheld in the courts. Working class soldiers have seen that contracts are absolutely meaningless in their military and civilian world. Perhaps this is why there is not so much shock when a stop-loss tactic is pulled against them. After all, at home in civilian life, most working class employees must put in their mandatory overtime hours or they risk loosing their jobs. Fairness and promises are not concepts that the working class are accustomed to in either their military or civilian roles. Further, the working class members fail to see any of the benefits that they are promised. Veterans consistently see cutbacks in their benefits. Scandal after scandal results in exposing the utter lack of care or compassion that veterans receive. This is also so for unemployment in the working class. The New Deal Era brought many programs such as unem ployment. However, as the economy now stands, improperly

Construction of femininity Essay Example for Free

Construction of femininity Essay The very titles of both plays, Gertrude, The Cry and Ophelia Thinks Harder offer the grounds for the presumption that the central theme is related to a woman. Furthermore, in the light of postmodernism one may presuppose to read the revisionary approach on the womans question. Now when Gertrude and Ophelia have become the archetypes, their reading in the postmodernist works gives the possibility to understand the principles of the latest tendencies of the literature. The play expresses the modern understanding of Hamlet by throwing the light upon the subjects that were left enigmatic by Shakespeare. Reading the archetypes in the modern adaptations allow a better understanding of postmodernism. The study’s focus is the representations of Shakespearean Hamlet women in the modern plays. Despite a series of transgressive forms of language in both literary pieces (in particular in Barkers), the plain-spoken parody on the original play, the focus on the problem and the atmosphere of femininity appear close to original Shakespeare. The atmosphere around femininity in both plays seem more authentic to the heroes of original Hamlet that for example in the representations of 19th [1] century when the femininity was a cult and the femininity of Ophelia was the idyllic example. Is it the genius of Shakespeare to create a play that seems to have constantly the necessity to be unveiled? Is it the work of poststructuralist philosophers that influenced the postmodern authors to re-understand the women in Shakespeares literature? Has the urgency of rethinking of the female role through rethinking the femininity finally found its proper reflection in the fiction? Of course, Gertrude and Ophelia represent different and sometimes quite the opposite female types. Gertrude is in her maturity while Ophelia is in her puberty. This difference gives the opportunity to study the whole picture of femininity on different levels. To make the picture complete, both authors introduce new feminine characters. In order not to eclipse Gertrude, Barker omits Ophelia in his adaptation; however he introduces Isola, Claudius mother and Ragusa, somewhere at Ophelias place. As for Betts, there are Maid and Virgin Mary; however the plot is formed in a way that to the end of the play there are more female characters than male. Gertrude and Ophelia characters symbolize the eternal problems that women are facing. Different as they are, they always converge. And the study of both of them is necessary for this course of effort to bring the answers to the questions raised above. The philosophical debates over essentialism and femininity, the problems of gender, the rethinking of its ontological construction, the post-structuralism and the deconstruction have been largely introduced in the course of the 20th century [2]. Although, they have some differences in approach, commonly they agree that the femininity is to be socially constructed. It is rather clear that both postmodern writings of Barker and Betts could possibly not disregard these approaches when writing on women. Moreover they are industriously participating in the debates. For example, the plot Ophelia Thinks Harder is explicitly under-wound on gender construction. Barker is focusing more on the relation of femininity and the power. Betts claim on Queen: â€Å"We have to work at being women (Queen,3,17) highlights the coercive nature of femininity and can recall one the Beauvoir’s famous claim that one is not born, but rather becomes a woman[3]. Femininity construction in the conventional understanding is regarded as the the art that [all the heterosexual women] must master(Queen, Scene 3, p. 16). It is quite natural that all the compulsory is to be criticized in the western democratic society. However the femininity is compelled so slight and subtle that one can possibly not be aware of it. But the outcome of this compelled femininity can be more dangerous to the point that one can believe and can touch all the levels of human being. This is what this study will attempt to highlight in this work. It is sad to mark that this is the prevailing philosophy as for gender problems finds its supporters mainly in the homosexual ranges. [4] With all my respect for the diversity, in some cases it is like Barkers Hamlet who will write the Book of Love whilst having never oh not ever loved (Hamlet, Scene 13, p. 55). While the heterosexual women suffer of so many not less urgent problems of no solution. What is the role for example of the philosophy on gender, treating the problems of femininity in the issue of domestic violence. A 1992 Council of Europe study on domestic violence against women found that one in four women experience domestic violence over their lifetimes, 400 hundred women die because of their partner’s violence every year [5]. Generally speaking, the contemporary philosophical orientation is hardly finding something constructive to propose at least for heterosexual women leaving the contradiction unresolved. Efrat Tseelon criticizes the modern authors regarding the womans question in The Masque of Femininity: â€Å"My claim is that this tradition covers very different theoretical explanations. It ranges from mythological and theological descriptions which define the essence of a woman as dissimulation, to psychoanalytic accounts and contemporary social theory which define the essence of femininity as an inessential social construction[6]. Majority of the postmodern writers and philosophers, who are focusing on femininity, give the answers principally on the deconstruction of gender. Some tendencies for internationalized feminism take into consideration the women of the third world situations as highly appreciable [7]. However, similar problems in the western society do not have the sufficient treat. Even if theories exist, they are too difficult to adopt in real life for the heterosexual majority of women as it is proved in Ophelia Thinks Harder. In this context literary works treating questions concerning women again become more important. They are indispensable in understanding femininity in modern terms. Inasmuch as studying them contributes to the working on the consciousness. And it is due to the quality of the literature independent of the conventional construction or philosophical trends and largely contributing into both, to intersect the theory and the real life. Whereas Howard Barker’s intentions are rather cryptic, Jean Betts provides the both in her work: her work is full of incomparable imagination, she provides the historical and philosophical data from Aristotle to Queen Elizabeth and the outline of Christian thought over femininity and she evokes for the representations of women in all the dimensions. Of course such approach helps her preliminarily to put some light on the original character of Shakespearean Ophelia by the introduction of the thought on femininity in the period when Shakespeare created Ophelia, the post-Elizabethan period, the beginning of the 17th century. This information in the guise of fiction makes apparent the true reason of Shakespearean Ophelias collapse. Women were regarded as physiologically â€Å"failed men† as a product of incomplete development caused by insufficient generative heat in the womb. They were seen as the effeminate man, the aberrations of effeminacy. Womans sexuality was thought of almost a separate organism within the woman, with a will – womb[8]. Calling back to these perversions in the postmodernist frame allows the reader to question the hegemonic cultural discourse of nowadays. Whereas Betts is trying in her own words to help to dismantle some of the foundations of this deeply buried prejudice against women, (Writers Notes, Ophelia Thinks Harder), Barker is focusing more on the sexuality of the femininity as the power and the tragic outcome of the excess of the femininity and feminine sexuality. He questions the verity of the sexual feminine liberation and if it really liberates the woman. Undoubtedly a certain sexual feminine liberation has become a part of the conventional construction of femininity. However, there is no seamless category of conventional femininity, no for femininity as there is no seamless category for the woman. The very subject of women is no longer understood in stable or abiding terms[9]. The best possible definition for the conventional femininity gives Betts’s Gertrude: display her wares youll dazzle them all a fantastical cosmetic and corset fitting process; e. g. Eyebrow plucking, leg waxing, arm oiling, nails, garish face mask, fierce corsetry, grossly padded bra, chastity belt, etc You will delight, but not over-excite. a pure sweet, submissive little virgin The conventional femininity is double-faced. Having Chaste Mary as an ideal, the feminine best culmination is â€Å"to play the cards right. What Ragusa has actually performed. † marriage is the greatest moment in a womans life to be a bride the day of all days † (Ragusa, Scene 15, p. 63). Trying her best to construct the feminine self, she married Hamlet and inherited the throne after his death. Ophelias Mother suggests: â€Å"women are treacherous, sly, scheming, deceitful †. Even making children in the conventional understanding of the femininity is corresponded to please or manipulate man: â€Å"They want kids, do it. They dont – well come to me and Ill help you when the time comes. ; A woman with a son is powerful. (Queen, Scene 3, p. 17; 19) However, in the original version Gertrude had nothing but sufferance and the collapse of her life because of her son, who did not accept her mode of life. The response is paradoxically given by the same all feminine Betts Gertrude: -and we are inconsiderate enough not to give a shit what driveling adolescents like you think. (Queen, Scene 7, p. 54). Of course, Barkers power of Gertrude is certainly far from her bearing a son. Unmasking the masquerade Insomuch as the womans question is to be read the titles of both plays, the unthought-of before or rethought (thinks harder) and a sore utterance of the extreme feelings (the cry) are manifesting. Shakespearean women thus have a chance to cry out their repressed truths. It is absolutely normal when taking in consideration the historic-cultural context of the role of gender in the Shakespearean period that women like Gertrude and Ophelia, were shown and identified by their relation to men. It is of the great achievements of Shakespeare to draw the remarried widow as the tragic hero when for playwrights of the early modern period, a remarrying widow was a subject for comedy[10]. Today, in the light of deconstruction, what was identified as the feminine can turn to be masculine and vice-versa theoretically [11]. Practically, the process of choosing the gender is not without the desperate torments. The femininity as the obstruction to the knowledge in Betts version and the extreme feminine sexuality of as the pseudo pluck of the apple of forbidden knowledge in Barkers are the central themes in the plays. Betts Ophelia hence thinks harder than the original Shakespearean one. What does this possibility to think or to rethink presents for the female? Shakespearean Ophelia’s life was predicated by what men around her thought. Her father and brother decided how she should behave herself. Hamlet’s refusal of her was fatal. Betts offers Ophelia the choice to think herself for her life, what will it turn to? As for Gertrude, will her cry hush the desperate attempts of Hamlet to de-sexualize her? Is the cry the horror and sexual pleasure of her femininity or does it stand over female and masculine categories? Modern Shakespeare suggests that Gertrudes flagrancy, her over sexualized femininity cost the life of another feminine innocent Ophelia [12]. Indeed desire and death go traditionally together as proved above, but what is the place of the femininity in desire? Even if it is true, why should the feminine sexual desire be identified with femininity? And why should the masculine desire excuse itself by femininity? In Betts rewriting, Ophelia is in the same cultural context, the oppressed woman, the same â€Å"mad fool† (Queen, 7, 52) boyfriend Hamlet. It should therefore come as no surprise, that her desperate attempts of thinking meet the terrible attacks from all the members of the society. To condemn these attempts on failure, they take an argument that thinking is not feminine, accusing Ophelia of not being feminine. Throughout the play Betts is proving that the imposed conventional femininity is an instrument to prevent the woman to think. She focuses in particular on why thinking for a woman is so dangerous in the conventional understanding. The power stands for the explanation and certainly not a psychotic clown who sets the rules. The power serves as the relationship between individuals. The one who possesses the knowledge possesses the power. Isn’t after overcoming the conventional femininity and get educated that: â€Å"we dress up to learn, to write, to get published be lawyers, doctors, lead armies, run countries † (RG, Scene 8) that the gender war is foreseen to happen: â€Å"I see strife; I see gender war; I see the initial X†(First Woman 4, 26). At first glance, Barkers Gertrude possesses the power. She is evidently more delighted with her sexual power than the political one that she posses with her statute of the queen. From her comes out the cry, the extreme point of ever possible desire and pleasure and of horror. The extreme desire is always conventionally associated with sin as well as with feminine. This is evident in the story of Adam and Eve, the first man and woman. The first sin has become sexualized with Eve’s violation of God’s specific instruction [13] The Cry is like the reproduction of the first sentiment that the new sinful world lived: the desire and the horror. Gertrude possesses this cry. Is the extreme femininity the way to posses the cry or does it come out of the brain that has no binary category? â€Å"MY BRAIN IS WHERE DESIRE IS† (Hamlet 5, 28) Where is the place of the intellect in the conventional construction of the femininity? Knowledge and desire go together. As mentioned above was it not for the desire of knowledge that the first sin occurred? Therefore, knowledge is interpreted as unnatural to female. As the epigraph to Ophelia Thinks Harder proposes: Laborious learning or painful pondering, even if woman should greatly succeed in it, destroy the merits that are proper to her sex (Kant). In the course of all these tormenting moments of thinking, Betts’ Ophelia is read as what is in the psychoanalytic terms called bisexual: not feminine, not masculine. At least she is resisting to become feminine. Before getting down on why she is refusing the conventional femininity, one should clearly make the difference between the biological sex and the socially constructed femininity or masculinity. Freud claims that the child is born bisexual and femininity or masculinity is constructed [14]. Following the psychological steps related to his parents the child develops his/her masculinity/femininity. Then as it is developing it is influenced by the socio cultural frames. Together with the theory of deconstruction they would consider us to read Ophelia bisexual. Indeed she claims that she does not want to be the man, nor the woman (Scene 3, 17). However her bisexuality is also determined by the social frames. She does not want not to be the man, nor the woman because she does not want to be seen like conventional feminine or masculine. The conventional understanding of the femininity does not correspond to her individuality. Hence, she is refusing the conventional notion of being feminine: â€Å"Behavior as instinctive as a cats with a bird † (Hamlet, Scene 1, p. 3); â€Å" viper like Eve would arouse in him evil and lust (Hamlet, Scene 4, p. 29) or â€Å"The lady doth protest too much†(III,ii,225) She is refusing to be tough and try to corrupt the man she is not. She is refusing to be tough to be overwhelmed with her sexuality as something shameful. â€Å" Hormones, cycles of blood, reproductive turmoil-you are flushed with your female destiny-you are adulated, euphoric-yes-you are clearly in love † (Hamlet, Scene 1, p. 3). If choosing gender in the natural way is as impossible as it was in the original version and if we know that the femininity is rooted in the social construction is it left to the society to decide if she becomes a normal woman [feminine]? Is there a solution to stand out the opinion of the society? On one hand Barkers Gertrude is independent from the societys opinion, on the other she is strongly dependent on others, as she needs to astonish. The conflict in Ophelia Thinks Harder lies in Ophelia’s resistance to the psychic subordination of the conventional. Being female, according to the social conventions her body must be superior to her mind, while the masculinity would be gifted with mind and femininity with body. Ophelia is forced to be separated from her mind and to delight and be delighted by her feminine body. She is not abnormal or exceptional. â€Å"The thousands of us† (Scene 8, p. 66) had to disguise as men to be disjoined from their minds. Judith Butler is decisive upon Beauvoir proposal that the female body ought to be the situation and the instrumentality of the womans freedom, not a defining and limiting essence [15]. She writes: â€Å"In the philosophical tradition that begins with Plato and continues through Descartes, Husserl, and Sartre, the ontological distinction between soul (consciousness, mind) and body invariably supports relations of political and psychic subordination and hierarchy†. While Betts uncovers the diverse and dissimilar states of female’s self-construction, Barker is focusing on the exploration of the body. Helen Cixous is speaking about the writing of the female body [16]. Quite in a similar way, Barker is studying the possibility of â€Å"learning to approach their [womens] own forbidden bodies†. Indeed one can mark the parallel even in the titles with The Laughter of Medusa and Gertrude The Cry. Barkers Gertrude claim â€Å"I’ve made an instrument out of my body (Scene 14, p. 62). Gertrude explores and perceives the knowledge through the possibilities of her body. Of course Barker has not invented that Gertrude is exploring her sexuality. Shakespearean theme is also read in Betts: â€Å"it may come as a shock, little boy, but quite a lot a lot of people over 30 fondle each other. Oh yes; Claudius and I HAVE SEX. (Queen, Scene 7, p. 54).

Critique of The Law of Apostasy in Islam Essay Example for Free

Critique of The Law of Apostasy in Islam Essay In 1924 Samuel Zwemer wrote The Law of Apostasy in Islam as a response to several books and articles that claimed there is no punishment in Islam for apostate Muslims. Zwemer quotes Khwajah Kemal-ud-Din who wrote in his book India in the Balance, in Islam there is no penalty for apostasy and Mohammed Alis English translation of The Koran neither here nor anywhere else in the Holy Koran is there even a hint of the infliction of capital or any other punishment on the apostate. Zwemer disputes these claims and tries to prove his contention that there is a long history of punishing apostates throughout the Muslim world (Zwemer 8-9). Zwemer was a missionary for the Christian Dutch Reformed church in the Middle East during the latter part of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The people he worked with and tried to convert to Christianity were Muslims. Zwemer begins his argument in the chapter Why so Few Moslem Converts by citing numerous cases where Muslims practiced punishment and ostracism against apostate Muslims, that is, Muslims who had converted to Christianity. The incidents described are anecdotal and deal with specific examples where apostate Muslims underwent punishment or discrimination at the hands of practicing Muslims. Assuming, for the sake of argument, Zwemer is correct and such practices occurred, Zwemer still does not disprove either of the statements quoted above. What Zwemer proves is that some Muslims were punished, nothing more. He has not proven the Koran supports such practices. The title of this chapter must give the reader pause; it does not seem to be the title of an intellectual argument, but more like a defense of his and other missionaries efforts while working among Muslims. Apparently he had concluded the reason for his lack of success was due to fear of punishment by other Muslims, not because he was a bad missionary, or because the tenets of Islam were more convincing to people in the region than the principles in Christianity (Zwemer 15-29). In the chapter two The Law of Apostasy Zwemer quotes three passages of the Koran that he claims indicate an official sanctioning of punishment of apostates. Zwemer is unconvincing. The phrase take from them [apostate Muslims] neither patron or help (IV. 90, 91) and alleges that the standard commentary of Baidhawi, whoever that is, means take and kill him wheresoever you find ye find him, like any other infidel (Zwemer 33). It appears Baidhawi has chosen an interpretation that is not justified from the original text. He treats the other passages in a similar fashion, interpreting them to mean apostates should be killed or punished, when a more straightforward interpretation does not imply his conclusion. Zwemer errs in at least two fashions. First he appears to equate evidence that indicates punishment has been administered against apostates indicates the sanction of such actions by the teaching of Islam. This is not the case. Throughout history there are far too many examples where common practices were either directly prohibited by official policies or were not addressed by these policies. This does not indicate official policies authorized such actions. Secondly, Zwemers evidence is largely either anecdotal or demand such contrived interpretations of the Koran as to unconvincing. Consequently The Law of Apostasy in Islam does not prove that punishment for apostate Muslims is a tenant of Islam. Works Cited Zwemer, Samuel M. The Law of Apostasy. London: Marshall Brothers Ltd, n. d.

Research On The Native American Tribes History Essay

Research On The Native American Tribes History Essay Native American tribes from far west coast all the way to the east coast experienced life differently due to conditions of the land. How did the geographical location of tribes affect the life styles of the Native Americans? There were hundreds of tribes and each was unique in a variety of ways from clothing and language; to hunting and gathering resources. Native Americans living in the middle of the United States may have had the best rate, due to the vast land, weather conditions, and food resources. When most Americans think of Indians they refer to the people of the Great Plains; hunting buffalo, war attire, and teepees are commonly what they think of. The tribes of the Great Plains were large in numbers. The reason that this area of tribes is so well recognized is that they were able to maintain life longer then any other areas of Native Americans. One tribe from the Great Plains was the Comanche Indians. The Comanche were a strong group of Indians after obtaining horses in the late 1600s. Horses gave them an advantage in taking over larger areas of land all the way from southwestern Kansas, eastern New Mexico, western Oklahoma, Texas, southeastern Colorado, and northern Mexico. The life style of the Comanche people was based on one thing†¦ the horse. The Comanche people would not have been as successful without this animal. They would breed and maintain huge herds of horses, and then would trade them to the native people of the northern plains. They also tracked the wild mustang herds that roamed the areas. The children of the tribes would obtain a horse of there own at the age of four or five, they would train it and then would become successful hunters. The women of the tribes would sometimes hunt antelope with the men. The young men of the tribes used the horses for war as well as hunting buffalo. The men became such good riders that they could hang off the side of their horse in battle and shoot arrows under the neck of the horse, using the horse as a shield. Another major part of the life for the Great Plains Native Americans was war. The Comanche people killed more non Indian people then any other tribe. By 1840 the Comanches had allied themselves with several other tribes; Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Kiowa. When Mexico became independent in 1821 and Texas fell into the rules set by Mexico, which did not go over well for a lot of the people coming to Texas, the Comanche people were killing most of the travelers. They were also attacking anyone tha t was traveling on the Santa Fe Trail. The most famous battle involving the Comanches was the battle of the Alamo. The Comanche tribe consisted of many different smaller tribes. These bands were considered one because they spoke the same language. It was believed that the Comanche were part of the Shoshone tribe originally. A similarity in language is why people believe that these two may have branched apart. The Shoshone tribe along with many other tribes covered the Great Plains stretching from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River and from Central Texas all the way up to Alberta, Canada. These people lived on wild game from large animals to small, mostly living on buffalo. The people would use almost every part of this animal from the hide to the bones and everything in between. It is thought that before the 1500s the only two non farming tribes were the Blackfoot and Comanche tribes. Even though the tribes of the plains were very successful using the land other tribes in different regions were not so fortunate. The land territory used by the Northwest Native Americans is not large. It is about 2,000 miles in length and only about 150 mile wide. However, the vast area of water they inhabited by was very useful to them in their survival. A majority of the Northwest is made up of islands and large mountain ranges. With the chain of islands to the west and the mountains to the east, the Native Americans would live on the edge of the oceans. This protected them from a lot of the elements such as ocean storms, the abundance of rain, and the cold conditions that would come during the winter months. Due to the amount of water that would come upon this region the trees and vegetation were plentiful. The huge trees that grew in this area were used for many things within the tribes. The Nootka tribe located in the Vancouver Island area, used the huge trees to make many item s like totem poles, their living courts, and at least six different styles of canoes. Canoes were the mood of means for the people of the Northwest coast line. A vast majority of the hunting was done by water, however, some game animals were hunted in the winter months due to the harsh conditions of the Northwest coast. Whale hunting provided the Nootka tribe with a lot of great materials like oil, bones for tools, baleen for trapping, and of course plenty of meat. The Nootka tribe was the only tribe to hunt whales because of there size. The leader of the canoe would have been given this position from his father, and he would harpoon the whale first, he would also receive the first piece of the whale when it was returned to shore to be rationed out between the others. Fish trades between the whites were often, and if the Nootka were ever crossed by the whites they would kill them with no hesitations. The buildings constructed by the Nootka tribe were amazing in there size, some time s being 100 feet in length and 40 feet in width. There were built with large planks of cedar and each plank was removable. The homes were inhabited by several families of the tribe. The leader of the home would sleep in the rear right corner of the home, and the next of kin would inhabit the left rear corner of the home. The front of the home nearest to the door would be stocked with supplies. Outside the front doors of the homes would be large totem polls carved into them would be faces of animals. The faces were chosen by the shaman or people in secret societies. Since these people lived on the coastal shores they came in to contact with white man sooner then others. Another costal tribe that came in contact with non Native Americans was the Cherokees, located on the Southeast coast. In 1540 Spanish explorers crossed into the Cherokee territory. Then French and English traders from the north and east started to appear making trade prominent for the Southeast Indians. The Cherokees were allies with the British in the French and Indian War. The Cherokee helped the British in the conflicts that took place, but only supported them for five of the seven years, after a dispute over a group of wild horses and scalps that had been claimed for bounty. For 2 years the British were in a war with the Cherokee Indians. The Cherokee finally surrendered, they were required to release a huge piece of land that was next to British settlements. After many difficult periods, the Cherokee knew that they were experienced in agriculture and rebuilt their lives based on this fundamental skill. The tribes of the Southeast were able to grow massive crops due to the land conditions. This also benefited them, because large crops meant sizable communities. They grew many of the foods that are familiar with Thanksgiving dinners; corn, sweet potatoes, squash, and beans. The tribes of the Southeast did not move often so there homes were constructed were of two shapes, mostly poles tied with vines and covered in mud or animal hide. They hunted and fished every species of animal that inhabited the area. The Cherokee were the only tribe of the Southeast that spoke the language of Iroquoian. The Cherokee tribe watched and learned from the Americans for years, which is why they are so similar to the Americans. The Cherokee even established a government like the United States. Unfortunately neither they nor any other tribe of the Southeast were treated like Americans, an Indian Removal Act was put into place and the American settlers began taking over the Indians lands forcing them west of the rivers. The Trail of tears is one of the worse events in history fo r the Native American Indians. The event was when soldiers forced the natives to move west while the settlers over took their land. Many Indians died on the travel west due to starvation, disease, and weather conditions. It would be countless years later before the Native people would see any reconciliation for what the lands and treatment that they endured. All in all, I have found that Native Americans were equals in the struggles that they faced. Each region faced different challenges with weather, but all were able to adapt to those conditions. Just like American today, languages are slightly different from the Far East to the Great West and everywhere in between. The clothing these tribes wore was similar in many ways, because a large majority of their clothing was made from animal hide. Hides were also used in the making of the lodging that the natives inhabited. Many Native American Indians still have land conservations and continue to live as they did in the early years of American civilization though it will never be as it once was for these people.

Bradykinesia :: Disease Medical Health Essays

Bradykinesia Perception is an intangible part of every being. It cannot be explained, defined, or nailed down the way that most scientists would like. In some ways, perception can be taught-a person's circumstance and background would cause him or her to perceive a situation in a particular way. In other ways, perception is unpredictable and ever changing. Even here, attempting to describe the indescribable, there are flaws in the last two sentences because they are based on the writer's perceptions of perception. It is too subjective for a "scientific" definition. What does it mean for a person suffering from bradykinesia? If the individual understands the condition, she will realize that the perceptions she has are not always correct. She may perceive herself to be making a fist, or spreading her fingers, but in fact she may not have accomplished this. (1) A blind and deaf person may have perceptions about the world around her. Most likely, her only correct perceptions are those perception s about herself such as: "I am moving my arm," or "I am swinging my legs." The external stimuli are ineffective in this person, whereas a person with bradykinesia can only react completely and at a normal speed to external stimuli. Because of damage to signal pathways, the internal stimuli are ineffectively activated. (1) Bradykinesia is a Greek term that means "slow movement", and it is one of the constituents of Parkinson's disease (2), although it is also associated with other diseases. For patients suffering from Parkinson's disease, it is usually the most tiring and frustrating of the associated conditions. Small muscle movement is one of the first affected areas of the body. Therefore, a common test is to ask the patient to tap her finger. Normal individuals tap their fingers at 4 or 5 Hz, someone afflicted with bradykinesia can usually manage only up to 1 Hz.(3) There is no cure for bradykinesia. Certain surgeries may help decrease the condition. Hope remains for the future while researchers continue to explore different possibilities, examining causes and treatments that will lead to a cure and to more clues about Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and other conditions with which bradykinesia is associated. (4) Not only does bradykinesia affect the speed of movement, the person's ability to complete a motion suffers. While walking, the arms no longer swing, but remain lax at the person's sides. (2) If a person suffering from bradykinesia is asked to make a fist without looking, he or she can tell that their movements are slow. Bradykinesia :: Disease Medical Health Essays Bradykinesia Perception is an intangible part of every being. It cannot be explained, defined, or nailed down the way that most scientists would like. In some ways, perception can be taught-a person's circumstance and background would cause him or her to perceive a situation in a particular way. In other ways, perception is unpredictable and ever changing. Even here, attempting to describe the indescribable, there are flaws in the last two sentences because they are based on the writer's perceptions of perception. It is too subjective for a "scientific" definition. What does it mean for a person suffering from bradykinesia? If the individual understands the condition, she will realize that the perceptions she has are not always correct. She may perceive herself to be making a fist, or spreading her fingers, but in fact she may not have accomplished this. (1) A blind and deaf person may have perceptions about the world around her. Most likely, her only correct perceptions are those perception s about herself such as: "I am moving my arm," or "I am swinging my legs." The external stimuli are ineffective in this person, whereas a person with bradykinesia can only react completely and at a normal speed to external stimuli. Because of damage to signal pathways, the internal stimuli are ineffectively activated. (1) Bradykinesia is a Greek term that means "slow movement", and it is one of the constituents of Parkinson's disease (2), although it is also associated with other diseases. For patients suffering from Parkinson's disease, it is usually the most tiring and frustrating of the associated conditions. Small muscle movement is one of the first affected areas of the body. Therefore, a common test is to ask the patient to tap her finger. Normal individuals tap their fingers at 4 or 5 Hz, someone afflicted with bradykinesia can usually manage only up to 1 Hz.(3) There is no cure for bradykinesia. Certain surgeries may help decrease the condition. Hope remains for the future while researchers continue to explore different possibilities, examining causes and treatments that will lead to a cure and to more clues about Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and other conditions with which bradykinesia is associated. (4) Not only does bradykinesia affect the speed of movement, the person's ability to complete a motion suffers. While walking, the arms no longer swing, but remain lax at the person's sides. (2) If a person suffering from bradykinesia is asked to make a fist without looking, he or she can tell that their movements are slow.

Overview of Autism Essay -- essays research papers

Autism is defined as a developmental disability of the brain. However it is not a form of mental retardation. A person with autism can actually be very intelligent. Autism develops before a child is 30 months of age. It occurs is approximately 4 out of every 10,000 children. Children with autism are unable to develop normal relationships with others. Their hearing and sight senses are heightened. A noise that would not bother a normal person might drive an autistic child crazy. They have a difficult time understanding what is going on around them. If something suddenly happens, like someone laughs or cries they go into confusion because they are wondering why this is happening and they might go into panic. Sometimes they may lose their ability to speak, or need extra time to respond to a question. It is sometimes difficult to tell whether a young child or infant is autistic. Some of the symptoms vary greatly but follow the same general pattern. Autistic infants will act relatively normal during their first few months. But after a couple of months they become less responsive to thei...

The Lamb and The Tiger by William Blake Essay -- Poet Poems William Bl

'The Lamb' and 'The Tiger' by William Blake Write about The Lamb and The Tiger by William Blake. Explain how the poet portrays these creatures and comment on what you consider to be the main ideas and attitudes of the poet. 'All things bright and beautiful, All creatures great and small, All things wise and wonderful, The Lord God made them all.' Cecil Frances Alexander Indeed, God created all creatures great and small, and he could not have created two creatures more different from each other than the lamb and the tiger. The question arises in one's mind therefore: - 'Could one creator design and give life to two exhibits of such a vast contrast?' ====================================================================== William Blake certainly poses this question in a somewhat clever manner in the two examples of his work that I've analysed and compared, namely 'The Lamb' and 'The Tiger'. In the two collections of his work, namely Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, he has several contrasting poems that bring the two states of being described by both collections under the microscope. As one of the early Romance poets, Blake was writing in opposition to the rapidly changing, revolutionary eighteenth-century. Essentially, that opposition developed into an appreciation of the emotions, as opposed to reason ant intellect, and a recognition of the purity and innocence which childhood represents in contrast with the corruptions and in-authenticity of adulthood, with its learning and experience of life. The English Industrial Revolution played a very influential role in William Blake's work. Songs of Innocence includes a reversal of the expected 'hierarchies'. The poems reject t... ...ecessary self-knowledge. The Lamb develops into the Tiger - innocence is the price that must me paid to attain an identity in 'grown-up land'. It has to sacrifice its meek, mild, gentile innocence to become the Tiger of Experience prowling the 'dark forests' of life. In conclusion, I feel William Blake is attempting to transmit an important message: never mind how innocent we are during our naÃÆ'Â ¯ve, happy playground days, the big bad world is awaiting us all, and we have to stop resisting and accept that we're all going to develop into Tigers at some point - gaining our own unique symmetry in place of our soft, delightful, tender selves. Life past, present and future poses many questions - it's up to us to answer them, to discover our true identities, and to decide where exactly our faith lies. Innocence is the foundation upon which experience is built.

Importunate Persuasions: Anxiety of Authorship and the Female Fight for Self-Sovereignty

In Margaret Cavendish’s essay The Blazing World she creates a world of her own where she rules as a sovereign and is afforded a power that would not otherwise be possible for her: â€Å"†¦if any should like the world I have made and be willing to be my subjects, they may imagine themselves such, and they are such, I mean in their minds†¦; but if they cannot endure to be subjects, they may create worlds of their own and govern themselves as they please† (1785).In this passage, Margaret Cavendish exposes her own idiosyncratic philosophy concerning her position in society as a woman, female author and a member of a court that was ostracized. By prolifically writing about herself, she attempts to exercise her right to a voice and uses it as an instrument of power and resistance in an oppressed and powerless situation. However, her language bears traces of an internalization of the oppressive social structure and an anxiety of authorship1 that prevents her from suc cessfully establishing herself as autonomous.In this essay, I will attempt to demonstrate how Margaret Cavendish, through her poetry and prose, endeavors to achieve self-sovereignty through singularity but fails due to fear of social alienation from not just the patriarchal hegemony but also from the women of her era that perpetuated it. In The Poetess’s Hasty Resolution, Margaret Cavendish establishes herself as not only a poet but a gifted one at that. â€Å"Reading my verses, I liked them so well/Self-love did make my judgment to rebel/Thinking them so good, I thought more to write† (1-3).Here, Margaret introduces her desire for self-sovereignty and her initial willingness to exercise it through the vocation of writing. She writes of a â€Å"self-love† initiated by the sound of her own voice and empowers her to fight against the status quo, â€Å"to rebel†. She decides to go about her rebellion through writing and putting forth the female voice. Howeve r, she compromises her own self-adulation with the criticism that she receives. She recognizes and notes that â€Å"others† appose her voicing her opinion: â€Å"Considering not how others would them like† (4).By interjecting this criticism in with her self-congratulatory treatise, she refutes them with an impervious tone in her language, as if she intended to rebel and dismiss the reader’s response to her style. Conversely, she also acknowledges them, within the first four lines of her poem, which alludes to a deep concern. This indicates a woman who cares deeply for what others think. This concern could be due to her position in society. Being the wife of a Duke and lady to an ostracized Queen, it was well within her interest to be aware of her social milieu.Moreover, the aristocracy was used to people caring about what they thought and effecting how others acted and spoke, in other words, exercising their hegemony. While she is amongst this power structure, s he pushes the limits of her position and acceptance by speaking out and seeks to establish agency, which was not readily afforded to women in the seventeenth century. Even though Margaret Cavendish’s rank was high enough to enjoy an element of immunity, she expresses concern over the fragility of her position.In A True Relation of My Birth, Breeding and Life Margaret appreciates how the breadth of her status is afforded to her through marriage, â€Å"second wife to the Lord Marquis of Newcastle, for my lord having had two wives, I might easily have been mistaken, especially if I should die and my lord marry again† (1780). Her language seems humble yet uncertain. One could postulate that this uncertainty is due to her position being conditional of a male counterpart. In her texts, she relies heavily upon a male for information and education.In A True Relation†¦ she diminishes her own ability â€Å"†¦I had a natural stupidity† (1779) and relays how she w ould be dependent upon a male member of her household to explain matters to her: â€Å"†¦and when I read what I understood not, I would ask my brother†¦ he being learned, the sense of meaning thereof† (ibid). Quickly following this passage, she resorts to gender performance1: â€Å"†¦my serious study could not be much, by reason I took great delight in attiring, fine dressing and fashions† (ibid). By positing herself within a socially accepted arena for women, she at once becomes less offensive to her female readership.However, she shows her â€Å"anxiety of authorship† that Sarah Gilbert and Susan Gubar define as a female author’s anxiety of being judged by male readers, critics, etc. thus they will compromise their own voice in an attempt to placate the male gaze2 and save themselves from alienation: â€Å"Her battle, however, is not against her (male) precursor’s reading of the world but against his reading of her. In order to de fine herself as an author she must redefine the terms of her socialization†, (Gilbert and Gubar, 2027).Gilbert and Gubar’s solution for this is a female author must replace the male precursor or influence with a female, at once helping to her to identify with her own sex and giving her an alliance in which to fight patriarchal control. However, if women themselves perpetuate male hegemony, this can prove difficult. In The Blazing World, Margaret creates a new world in order to experience and exercise the ambition and power that she desired. This new world becomes a metaphor for the real world with which she parallels it.In this new world, it is finally safe for her to tackle male hegemony head on and she attempts to do this with analogies of what men become. In her customized world, men take on animal characteristics. Some examples are: â€Å"worm-men†¦fox-men†¦ant-men†¦ape-men† (1781) most of which could be considered derogatory and most certainly diminutive. By ‘othering’ the male species and making them sub-human, Margaret can successfully exercise control in her realm. She also employs this tactic in The Hunting of the Hare in which Wat, a male, is a hare being hunted and assuming a secondary and fragile position. However her anxiety of authorship recurs.After assigning animal counterparts for the male species in The Blazing World, she quickly reiterates that she indeed receives power from the emperor. The empress and the Duchess, both as Margaret in a fragmented state, are informed and educated by priests and statesmen, both male, of the affairs of the government and the church. These figures, which could arguably also represent elements of Margaret’s own psyche particularly the internalized male gaze, attempt to justify their exclusion of women from places of worship and matters of the state as they are â€Å"importunate persuasions† or threatening figures of change (1782).Furthermore, when sh e herself describes the power one could exercise in their own world, she does so by using masculine pronouns; â€Å"he may create a world of what fashion and government he will†¦as he pleases†¦as he thinks best†¦also he may alter that world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1784). Thus, Margaret once again crumbles under the pressure of anxiety of authorship due to fear of social backlash. In a previously quoted passage, Margaret Cavendish uses ‘reason’ as the justification for her self-diminution: â€Å"†¦my serious study could not be much, by reason I took great delight in attiring, fine dressing and fashions† (1779).OED defines reason as â€Å"A statement of some fact (real or alleged) employed as an argument to justify or condemn some act, prove or disprove some assertion, idea, or belief †. However, her usage of the word ‘reason’ evolves. ‘Reason’ later becomes the conduit for her creation of the world in which she can rule as a sovereign, as â€Å"Margaret the First†: â€Å"This is the reason, why I added this†¦to my philosophical observations† (1781). Her language when referring to herself in The Blazing World is authoritarian: â€Å"I shall account myself as a happy creatoress† (1780); â€Å"authoress of a whole world† (1784), etc.Although initially she claims to merely be a scribe to the empress of this imaginary world, there is evidence that Cavendish actually sees herself as the empress. In the first paragraph she sees two worlds, the world in which she exists as Margaret Cavendish and the Blazing World, as antipodes of each other, thus making them parallel: â€Å"†¦and joined them as two worlds at the ends of their poles† (1780). She goes on to describe the world of her creation: â€Å"it is a description of a new world†¦a world of my own creating, which I call the Blazing World† (ibid).As she posits herself in an ultimate position of pow er as â€Å"creatoress† and â€Å"authoress† (idem) she herself is sovereign, thus the empress could easily be interpreted as her. This is further evidenced within the romantic beginning of the story. The empress is heralded as a goddess and the object of the emperor’s affection, paralleling the empress’s story with that of her own: receipt of power and title through marriage. By aligning herself with a female figure of power, she at once establishes a female precursor but also empowers herself in fighting the alienation of hegemonic criticism.The metaphor of this alignment is interesting. One would figure that she had a very powerful female ‘precursor’ in Queen Henrietta Maria; however the Queen’s power was jeopardized by Charles’ execution and her banishment. Also, this particular alignment had proved precarious as it caused the loss of her and her husband’s estate (albeit temporarily). Thus, it was necessary for Margar et to create a new female figure of authority with which she could associate herself. Her internal conflict of desperately wanting to speak out but being checked by fear of societal repercussions is exercised in interesting ways.Margaret is aware of the perpetuation of the male hegemony through women and illustrates her frustrations through her texts. Women would most likely make up Margaret’s ideal readership; however one can surmise that they have also been the source of a great deal of her criticism. In The Poetess’s Hasty Resolution, Margaret signifies the ‘she’ as the source of her criticism: Will you, said she, thus waste your time in vain On that which in the world small praise shall gain? For shame, leave off, said she, the printer spare He’ll lose by your ill poetry, I fear.Besides the world hath already such a weight Of useless books, as it is overfraught. Then pity take, do the world a good turn, And all you write cast in the fire and bur n. (9-16) In this incendiary passage, Margaret exposes many elements of oppression perpetuated by women upon women. The idealized female precursor and intended source of support, demeans Cavendish’s art and directly exercises male hegemonic social pressures upon her. First, they attempt to induce fear in her of women’s destructive capability upon their husbands if they do not adhere to gendered social norms.Second, these critics try to instill her with an anxiety of influence4 by purporting that there are enough things to read in the world and she is not worthy of authorship. Finally, the female critic entreats her to immediately quit her education and stifle her ambitions, as knowledge and ambition are not becoming of a lady. However, Margaret reifies her own anxiety and realizes the danger of this â€Å"importunate persuasion† (ibid) and persists: â€Å"Then all in haste I to the press it sent/Fearing persuasion might my book prevent† (19-20). The betra yal by her own sex does little to incite camaraderie in Margaret.To empower herself against an oppressive but generative hegemonic control that is elicited upon her by other women, she attempts to distinguish herself through singularity. â€Å"I would dislike if any should follow my fashions, for I always took delight in a singularity† (1779). Thus, one may understand why Margaret would desire to set herself apart from her sex, as they did not prove to be an agreeable group with which to identify. However, to be alienated and excluded was a dire circumstance for a woman in seventeenth century Britain.She had already experienced banishment and understood how stringent the repercussions proved for stepping outside the societal ideal. Thus, if Margaret Cavendish could achieve renown and be considered excellent, she could achieve social currency. This accreditation would be what she would need to stave off the scorn of the more strict members of society. She achieved the respect of some accomplished members of society, mainly men, and cunningly realized that the best place with which to exercise her ‘reason’ was through her status in society.The complex and uncomfortable dynamic of desiring to remain in a position of influence and imperatively needing to utilize her own voice regardless of the heavy hegemonic resistance against it is a brave endeavor but a futile one. In order to remain amongst a group, one must adhere to its rules and be amenable to its policies. Although, Margaret Cavendish couldn’t fully achieve self sovereignty in her own time, she provided future female writers with a precursor to the feminist writers what would succeed her. Through her struggle she gives other ‘authoresses’ the support she herself would have appreciated.Although, she herself never achieved self sovereignty through singularity, she proved to be more than just a â€Å"great emulator† (1779). Works Cited Butler, Judith. â€Å"Gend er Trouble† Leitch 2488-2501. Gilber, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar â€Å"The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. † Leitch 2023-2035. Greenblatt, Stephen, ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Vol. 1. 8th ed. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Company, 2006. 1773-1784. Leitch, Vincent, ed. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Company, 2001. Footnotes 1.Gender performance is a theory derived by Judith Butler which states that the everyday actions of women and men are a performance of societal expectations and gendered norms and further more that this performance perpetuates the social constructs places upon us that define what it means to be male or female, man or woman, i. e. : men refusing to cry, women wearing high heels etc. 2. The male gaze is a poststructuralist feminist theory stemming from Michel Foucault’s utilization of the panopticon in surveillance society. T his theory places male hegemony in the position of the panopticon and women ‘self correct’ under its gaze.