Deforestation and Malaria

Stephanie Saperstein ISB 201L 9. 24. 11 Deforestation and Malaria The changes in global environments is expected to affect the rate of malaria cases in humans. Malaria is a serious and at times fatal disease caused by an infectious parasite that can live within a mosquito that feeds on humans. These mosquitos breed in numerous areas and have affected many populations causing many people to suffer from its painful symptoms and effects of the disease. Researchers have been conducting tests on whether deforestation does in fact increase cases of malaria in hopes to increase the ability to control malaria’s outbreaks in certain areas.The increase in population in many areas is causing there to be an increase in deforestation due to the needs for land for settlement, cultivating agriculture and extracting resources. Research has shown that deforestation does increase the rate of malaria because of the environmental changes of breeding sites and humans moving to and from forested ar eas. Malaria’s parasites most commonly and successfully infects the female Anopheles mosquitoes and those humans that are bitten by these mosquitos, however they are both affected by the parasite differently.In humans the parasite begins by infecting the liver where it matures and begins to breed and multiply. After multiplying they begin infecting the blood stream and attacking the host’s red blood cells. These parasites continue this cycle by consistently infecting more and more red blood cells. Unlike humans the mosquito is not harmed when infected by the parasite. When a Anopheles female mosquito feeds on a human carrying this parasite a new cycle of growth and multiplication takes place in the mosquito. The parasite begins in the mosquitos stomach and then travels to the midgut wall of the mosquito where they breed and multiply.After 10-18 days, the parasites are found as â€Å"sporozoites† in the mosquito's salivary glands. (The Malaria Lifecycle 2006) Whe n the Anopheles mosquito feeds on another human, the sporozoites are injected with the mosquito's saliva and start another human infection. The mosquito transfers the parasites to multiple people by biting them and therefore acts as a vector for the disease. In one study it is said that deforestation is the largest contributing factor to malaria out of the many environmental changes and its rates are expected to increase. Where malaria is found depends mainly on factors such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall.Malaria is transmitted in tropical and subtropical areas, where Anopheles mosquitos can survive and multiply and where malaria parasites can complete their growth cycle in the mosquito. Research has recognized that deforestation increases malaria risk in Africa and the Americas and lessens it in South-east Asia. (Guerra, Snow, and Hay 2006) Malaria in the Amazon has been caused by ecosystem changes which were caused by human migration and opening of land for agricultural re asons, cattle, and natural resource extraction as well as deforestation and reforestation.The change in the ecosystems relates to the promotion or suppression of Anopheles darlingi, or the number one malaria vector in the Amazon, is ultimately the most important factor. An. darlingi is the most important malaria vector in the Amazon region. The vector breeds in partly shaded pools found in flooded areas of forests, forest creeks, river edges and pools left after river-level recession during the dry season. When humans colonize forests or near-forest areas in the Amazon it causes an increase of An. arlingi populations by increasing human exposure to this species’ natural breeding habitats and by generating new breeding habitats on the forest fringes. When deforestation takes place there are less trees to shade the given area of land and the acidity and chemical composition of the soil changes. This environmental change often creates favorable conditions for the breeding of An. darlingi and therefore increases the local risk of human malaria. Government sponsored colonization projects and significant migration, which took place with the help of deforestation, have resulted in malaria outbreaks.The â€Å"frontier malaria† phenomenon is exhibited in the Brazilian Amazon, among many other places, which increases the rate of malaria among humans. Frontier malaria is defined as a phenomenon operating at three spatial scales and with a distinctive time path. First at a micro/individual level, vector densities are high because of changes in the ecosystem that promote habitats for A. darlingi. This also occurs when human exposure is intense, such as at dusk or dawn. The second is at the community level where weak institutions, minimal community cohesion, and high rates of in and out migration characterize the frontier malaria.Third, at the state and national level, there is unplanned development of new settlement areas where agriculture had failed and peop le avoided malaria. However, this only elevates the rate of transmission. This frontier malaria has a time path where at the opening of a settlement area malaria rates rise rapidly and after 6-8 years the unstable in and out human migration and the high level of ecosystem transformations such as land clearing is replaced by urbanization and community cohesion. This frontier malaria then consists of more stable and low rates of transmission of malaria. Singer and Caldas De Castro 2006) Malaria has recently struck in the Peruvian Amazon region and research has shown that deforestation was the main cause. This research states that the risk of being bitten by the primary malaria-carrying mosquito, A. darlingi, is nearly 300 times higher in cleared areas than in those that are largely undisturbed. (Meadows 2006) A study reported in the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene shows how deforestation is a contributing factor to the increase in malaria outbreaks.The study was cond ucted in the Loreto district of northeastern Peru, where malaria has risen from 600 cases in 1992 to 120,000 in 1997. Loreto’s population is increasing causing there to be increase is deforestation in order for more settlements such as roads for plantain, cassava, and other subsistence crops. As stated earlier, clearing forest for cropland also often creates better or more breeding sites for the A. darlingi mosquito by providing deep water and short vegetation. Researchers in Loreto experimented by measuring the rate of An. arlingi bites to test whether the population was the primary factor in the increase in malaria cases or whether deforestation was. They found that population size had no effect on the An. darlingi bite rate, but that deforestation had an enormous impact on it. The rate was 278 times higher in areas with the least forest and the most grass/crop land than in areas that were undisturbed. This study proves that areas of slash-and-burn agriculture provides a be tter environment for An. darlingi mosquitos to breed and increase in population, therefore causing more people to be at risk or in contact with the mosquitos that carry the disease.As exhibited in the previous studies and research, deforestation is definitely a contributing factor to the rise of malaria infection. The increase of population and globalization increases the need for land to raise cattle, extract resources, cultivate agriculture, and areas to migrate to. This increase then leads to a need for deforestation which has proven to be a main factor in raising the cases of malaria. In these studies deforestation increased malaria in numerous ways. By destroying forests the climatic factors in areas affecting vector and parasite reproduction and development were significantly changed.Deforestation changed ecological and landscape factors by increasing the amount of sunlight which in turn increases the temperatures of bodies of water, thereby changing the habitats for breeding areas. Overall deforestation is indeed one of the highest contributing factors to the rise in the insect vectored disease around the world. References Guerra, C. A. , R. W. Snow, and S. I. Hay. â€Å"A Global Assessment of Closed Forests, Deforestation and Malaria Risk. † American Journals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 100. 3 (2006): 189-204. Pub Med Central. U. S.National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, Apr. 2006. Web. 24 Jan. 2011. . Meadows, Robin. â€Å"Malaria Linked to Deforestation. † Conservation Magazine. 2006. Web. Sept. 2011. . Singer, Burton, and Marcia Caldas De Castro. â€Å"ENHANCEMENT AND SUPPRESSION OF MALARIA IN THE AMAZON — SINGER and DE CASTRO 74 (1): 1. † ENHANCEMENT AND SUPPRESSION OF MALARIA IN THE AMAZON 74. 1 (2006): 1-2. American Journal of Tropical Medicine â€Å"The Malaria Lifecycle. †Ã‚  TravelHealth. co. uk — the UK Independent Travel Health Site. Travel Health Co, 21 Nov. 2006. Web. 14 Feb. 2011. .

Global Warming Challenge Essay

One of the greatest challenges earth is facing is Global Warming. The global warming hypothesis orginated in 1896 when Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish chemist, developed the theory that carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels would cause global temperatures to rise by trapping excess heat in the earth’s atmosphere. The term â€Å"Global Warming† signifies the temperature of the earth’s neon- surface air. The change in climatic conditions is one of the impacts of global warming. It is directly impacting on rising sea levels and the melting of ice. It is a threat to life on earth. The effects of global warming have been increasing significantly for the past decades. Climate change, devastation of the ecosystem, water contamination, melting ice over Arctic and Antarctic regions, negative impacts in the agricultural sector are just the problems caused by global warming. The reason behind this is human activities that lead to release of greenhouse gases. The concentration of greenhouse gases has significantly increased since 20th century. Some Scientists believe that there is an increase of 0.5 Celsius in earth’s temperature since 1900 and will continue to increase. The year 1990 was said to be the hottest year in the last century. We Human Beings have created an imbalance between life and nature that has led to flood, cyclones, landslides, tsunami, drought, etc. If this imbalance continues, soon our life on earth would be difficult. The increase of Carbon-dioxide in air is one of the reasons for warming the earth’s surface. The most significant greenhouse gas is actually water vapor, not something produced directly by humankind in significant amounts. However, even slight increases in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) can cause a substantial increase in temperature. When the earth’s surface warms up it will eventually lead to evaporation of water. Water vapor, itself is a greenhouse gas. It is believed that the increase in CO2 in the atmosphere will continue due to ongoing burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. Not only CO2 but other gases such as methane, CFCs, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone are also responsible for global warming. The increase in these gases is due to industrialization, deforestation, urbanization and increasing population. Nature has given us a mechanism to decrease the content of CO2 in atmosphere but we are exploiting it. Trees are the mechanism given to mankind as a gift from nature. Trees convert CO2 gas into Oxygen. This helps to decrease the CO2 content in atmosphere which eventually helps us prevent  global warming. The question that should be put forward now is that if this mechanism only won’t exist then how will we prevent global warming? Human beings have always been exploiting nature. Trees have been cut down for the benefits of humans without realizing that it is going to affect us eventually. Deforestation is responsible for 25 per cent of all carbon emissions entering the atmosphere, by the burning and cutting of 34 million acres of trees each year. Everyday over 5500 acres of rainforest are destroyed. Increasing population is also one of the reasons for global warming. Approximately, 80 per cent of atmospheric C02 increases are due to man’s use of fossil fuels either in the form of coal, gas or oil. Vehicles with poor gas mileage contribute the most to global warming. Besides, the sulphur group gas is the most harmful for this. Its contribution is 30 per cent in global warming. This gas is also emitted from the burning of fossil fuels. One of the effects of global warming is rise in sea-level. It will lead to melting of glaciers and changes in rainfall patterns. The rate of melting glaciers have been increasing since the past decade. . The shrinking of glaciers is going to pose a major problem of drinking water. The sea levels as a result of melting of glaciers have risen from 0.35 mm to 0.4 mm. Scientists have warned in their reports that most of the glaciers will disappear within a period of 15 to 25 years. It will create problems of drinking water and food grains in most of the North American countries. India is not unaffected from it. The Himalayan glaciers have shrunk about 30 per cent after 1970. The rise in sea levels is a major cause of concern. A large number of cities located in coastal areas will submerge in the sea. Besides, many island countries will ultimately lose their existence and will be washed away from the surface of the earth. In India this effects may also threaten the Lakshadweep islands, Mu mbai and deltas of Ganges (West Bengal), Carvers (T.N), Godavari (AP) and Mahanadi, Orissa. India is also affected by global warming. As India is an agricultural country, it is largely dependent on rainfall but due to irregular rainfalls caused by global warming, the yield is decreasing every year. The rise in atmospheric temperature and fall in rain would naturally result in decline in crop production. Moreover, it would have great effect on biodiversity as well. Forestation can be of great help in this regard. Planting more trees worldwide will help restore the imbalance. Secondly, we must follow on environmental policy of ‘reduce,  reuse, recycle’, i.e. promoting the reuse of anything. Thirdly, the use of fuel-efficient vehicles should be promoted as these vehicles have lower emissions of harmful gases. Fourthly, every individual should be aware of the importance of the protecting environment. Besides, eco- friendly technologies must be promoted, and must be substituted with the technologies which cause great emission of global warming gases. Many government agencies around the world are very interested in maintaining fossil fuel use, especially coal. Furthermore, we are not going to run out of coal in the near term (oil may begin to run low sometime after 2010). Methods for reducing carbon emission levels while still burning coal are now investigation by government and industry, as we now discuss. It is too late to debate on global warming. We need to take some measures to decrease global warming. Forestation can be of great help in this regard. Planting more trees worldwide will help restore the imbalance. Secondly, we must follow on environmental policy of ‘reduce, reuse, recycle’, i.e. promoting the reuse of anything. Thirdly, the use of fuel-efficient vehicles should be promoted as these vehicles have lower emissions of harmful gases. Fourthly, every individual should be aware of the importance of the protecting environment. Besides, eco- friendly technologies must be promoted, and must be substituted with the technologies which cause great emission of global warming gases. We should control the growth of population by decreasing birth rate. This can be done by proper family planning. We should reduce the use of chlorofloro carbons. More use of non-conventional source of energy like wind power and solar energy. It is said that â€Å"There is no place like home† and earth is our home so we need to protect it. Policies are made every day but do we follow it? The answer is â€Å"No†. We all are aware of global warming so we need to change the way we think that we can’t do anything and only the rich who are seated in the seats of government can save us. Who you are, whatever you are you can do something for your planet when you think global warming is a problem.

Economic Development Strategies of China after WWII Essay

Economic Development Strategies of China after WWII - Essay Example Deng did not held office as the China’s President or head of state, Premier, or even as the General Secretary or as the leader of the Communist Party, but still he is regarded as the â€Å"paramount leader† of the Peoples Republic of China mainly because of his far-reaching and successful economic reforms, which only transformed China to the current superpower status. So, when China’s developmental strategies after World War II are focused, it naturally refers to Deng’s economic reforms and the related developmental strategies. Considering this fact, the discussion will about how Deng’s reforms and developmental strategies, particularly his strategies to introduce foreign investment and technology into China’s economy, giving autonomy to state-owned enterprises, and the establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) led to China’s optimum economic development. Deng came into the picture in the late 1970s when the patriarch of the Chinese Communist movement, Mao Zedong passed away in 1976 and importantly China was under a very pitiable economic condition. That is, under Mao regime, China following the footsteps of the erstwhile Soviet Union mainly developed many heavy industries, without diversification. This strategy provided little benefits for the average Chinese and even the normal consumer goods were scarcely available. So, â€Å"there was a prevailing sense among Chinas leaders that the economy was in crisis, and unless something drastic was done to improve human welfare, the survival of the regime itself was at risk† (Schuman 127). However, the leaders following Mao’s ideology wanted to continue the same economic strategy laced with Communist principles. On the other hand, Deng wanted to take the Chinese economy in an all-new direction. Instead of tinkering with the existing communist economic system, Deng wanted to la unch

Internaional intercultural manangement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Internaional intercultural manangement - Essay Example Therefore, it is through culture that the world is organized into different spectrums, since culture comprises of diverse societal aspects, such as language, fashion, food and cuisines, religion, festivities and celebrations, and political-economic issues (Davis, 2004 p102). Additionally, it is through culture, that the understanding of values, assumptions, beliefs, customs and norms are defined, while also shaping the nature of institutions that are operable in the country and region. Simply put, the world is a chaotic place where there are several conflicting systems that renders the world prone to conflicts, and it is only through culture that order in the world can be established (LeBaron, 2003 n.p.). In the business realm, culture defines the nature of leadership within organisations, through stipulating what is expected of the leaders and their subordinates, what the leaders and their subordinates can and cannot do, and the nature of the influences that the leaders may have wit hin organisations (Hall, 1990 p55). ... Culture of Nigeria The fundamental aspect that shape and define the Nigerian culture is the multiplicity of ethnic groups and subsequent dialects, with the country having over 50 languages that are commonly spoken, and above 250 dialects (Kwittesential, 2013 n.p.). However, the largest ethnic groups in the country are the Igbo, the Yoruba and the Hausa-Fulani, each of which occupies a different region of the country, with the Igbo occupying the southeast, the Yoruba occupying the southwest, while the Hausa-Fulani occupies the north region of the country (Kwittesential, 2013 n.p.). The rest of the small communities are distributed throughout the country, but mostly placed within the central region, with all the ethnic groups in the country consisting of a total population of 170,123,740, according to the estimates of July 2010, with the Hausa-Fulani accounting for 29% of the total population, Yoruba 21% and the Igbo 18%, while the other 47 ethnic groups form the rest of the 42% of the country’s population (Kwittesential, 2013 n.p.). The country has many dialects and languages that are currently spoken, while some have subsequently been absorbed by others and eventually become extinct. However, the major language that defines Nigeria is English, which is laced with dialectical lexicon of pidgin forming an Anglo-African language that is characteristic of the Nigerian culture, a language that is not shared by many other countries, except for some few countries who are in the West African region of Africa, and who neighbours Nigeria (Osakwe, 2012 p7). In terms of religion, Nigeria has two major religions, with Muslim accounting for the majority of the population in the country, with close to half of the Nigerian

Strategy Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategy Implementation - Essay Example This report discusses the strategy that needs to be implemented within CPK and what are the ways through which the strategy can be implemented. The strategic option that is deemed to be suitable for CPK to achieve sustainable competitive advantage is through the adoption of the Blue Ocean strategy and this paper analyzes CPK’s resources to carry out this strategy. Introduction California Pizza Kitchen is a California based dining restaurant that specializes in providing different varieties of pizza. According to their website they have 265 stores in 32 states and ten foreign countries. The company is expanding this business with great vigor and energy. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the control environment in the organization and assessing the company’s ability to follow the Blue Ocean strategy. This includes the assessment of the structure, design, control systems and the people working in the organization. ... Main Body The mission statement of CPK is to â€Å"introduce flavors and tastes from around the world, from Thai to Jamaican Jerk†¦all on a pizza in an upscale environment† (About CPK, cpk.com). This mission statement seems to be too broad and according to the innovative trend carried out at CPK (Offering new flavors and new menu items) (CPK, Press Release), it seems that the mission statement is followed appropriately. To ascertain whether CPK can implement the Blue Ocean strategy, proper research of the company’s resources and abilities is done through these three parts: Structuring The structuring part includes the analysis of processes, relationship and organizational structure and their bonding with each other to make them work more smoothly. The processes at CPK are that Larry S. Flax looks at the operations and the menu of the company whilst Richard S. Rosenfield is in charge of the financial and other investor issues. The organizational structure at CPK is a centralized sort of a structure with a proper Board of directors consisting of 2 CEOs and 5 executive directors. It seems that the company is operated in a rigid manner, sort of an autonomous structure but this power is usually vested within both the CEOs of the company rather than any one of them. The CEOs work together in collaboration so that it might help in succession planning; this clearly suggests that the company is forward sighted. (Business Week, Oct 2009) According to the autonomous structure, it clearly seems that the company offers same menu at all the locations that it has around the globe. Although this may be very beneficial as consumers might be able to get all the renowned varieties offered by CPK but this may also have some implication e.g. the taste of the people situated in other

Different styles of leadership have become evident through time Essay

Different styles of leadership have become evident through time between the two genders - Essay Example However, these differences also serve to create variations in the manner of leadership and management within the organization. Different styles of leadership have become evident through time between the two genders. Therefore, the question that begs to be answered is whether a relationship exists between gender and styles of leadership adopted by managers within formal organizations? If so, to what extent do the personality differences impact in the choice of a leadership style as well as sustaining its use through a finite period of time? This does not imply that there is a certain optimal leadership style that appeals most to a given gender. Certainly not; there lacks consensus that one leadership style is most effective although there is evidence through research that demonstrates a sharing of common characteristics and preferences by those in leadership positions, which tends to exerts pressure upon those who are different (Carpenter & Sanders, 2006). This proposal examines the l eadership characteristics and preferences in relation to gender. ... n for the firm, communicating this vision with both depth and clarity to other members of the organization and directing and sustaining their concerted efforts towards the attainment of this vision. During the early periods of the industrial revolution, leadership was focussed on primarily ensuring profitability for the organization. This approach favoured poor governance structures and often led to gross misconduct and abuse of managerial authority by those in managerial capacities. Modern leadership utilizes the wide berth of theoretical models that have been developed and tested through time. Management’s leadership function also takes cognisance of emergent concerns and issues such as ethics and corporate social responsibility, in addition to an emphasis of core principles of accountability, responsibility and fairness (Dyck & Neubert, 2008). Is there a better leader in men than women or vice versa? This has been a source of intense controversy and much interest of most th eorists and managers alike. There have been two approaches to this fundamental question in management: Firstly, that men and women fundamentally differ in the way they lead others within an organization (Carpenter & Sanders, 2006). Secondly, and which is the widely accepted position by most social scientists is that there are relatively no significant differences in how men and women lead given a controlled environment (Dubrin, 2009). Those who subscribe to the former school of thought, mostly attribute this difference to the â€Å"female voice†. This has, however, been overlooked by most mainstream researchers. Empirical research into these approaches has only served to further the controversy and confusion in this managerial area. Studies carried out between 1961 and 1987 have been cited by

COMMUNICATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

COMMUNICATION - Essay Example In a group situation, I will listen mostly and will intervene only when someone is providing misinformation. When I know that the person with whom I am conversing is more knowledgeable, I prefer to listen and will not like to give suggestions, unless specifically asked to do so. Do I ?nd it necessary to use many descriptive terms when speaking, or do I prefer short, succinct sentences? I prefer to use short sentences. Being a listener by nature, in my style of conversation ears will be better engaged than the tongue. In my replies I prefer to be crisp, may not be witty, but I will answer to the point, nothing more, nothing less. Time is precious and I will not like to waste the time with whom I am conversing, nor like to allow him to waste my time. I will not sermonise on a topic on which I do know much about. I like to be brief. Do I prefer cause-and-effect situations as opposed to creative, ambiguous dilemmas? I do prefer cause and effect situations and I do not like dilemmas or co nfusion. While conversing, I have in the back of my mind invariably that I need to concentrate on the essence of the issue, and not talk in a roundabout way. When I say something and answer about a particular issue, it must be based on reasoned premises. I hate creating dilemmas and confusing situations. The purpose of a conversation (unless it is a formal and casual talk) is to find an acceptable solution, and as such there is no point in getting more and more confused. Do I prefer to be alone or be with others? I prefer to be alone. I do not like promoting myself, speaking up and networking. My philosophy of life is to ‘talk less, work more and walk more’. I am an introvert. I do believe that brazen confidence is not the exclusive property of the extroverts and introverts too are entitled for that. I entirely agree with the observation â€Å"introverts prefer less stimulating environments and tend to enjoy quiet concentration, listen more than they talk and think bef ore they speak†. (Jenna Goudreau, n. p.)Historical information provides strength to my position as some of the ideas for big innovations and great leadership come from introverts. Unless there is a cause or a common purpose, engaging in directionless and destination less conversation is waste of time, and as such I enjoy my solitude. Do I prefer to make decisions alone, or do I prefer to work things out with others? I do like to work things out alone, but I do also like to ask others for opinions, as I believe that a person should not make important decisions alone. The wise saying goes ‘Two heads are better than one’. Decisions taken by sharing knowledge are likely to fructify and give positive results. Each individual may have expertise in a particular area, and in the environment of a big hospital, one has to work in different situations. So, when a critical decision needs to be made, that has bearing on the life of the patient, I consider it my professional du ty to take a decision in consultation with my experienced colleagues. Sharing information and taking counsel from others has only advantages and no disadvantages. Summary of my communication style I have my nursing job; I have a family to take care; I have my friends circle; I am part of the society, a cultural and religious group. As such my communication

How were the Germans (or at least the people described in the Essay

How were the Germans (or at least the people described in the book)seduced by the Nazis and how did they rationalize their suppo - Essay Example Instead, it became â€Å"ten Germans sufficiently different from one another†¦ and sufficiently link unto one another to have been Nazis† (Mayer). His account of the sociological influences and impacts of Nazism in pre-World War II Germany in They Thought They Were Free is divided into three parts: â€Å"Ten Men†, â€Å"The Germans†, and â€Å"Their Cause and Cure†. Although the author says numerous times that the issue is one of deep complexity, these three divisions seem to offer a way of understanding how to classify the disparate parts of the issue. Mayer’s work is largely focused on his â€Å"ten Nazi friends†, who give him a large set of insights into the rise and fall of the National Socialist party in Germany. In the first twelve chapters, Mayer offers a benevolent account of Nazism’s rise. After all, it examines the reasons why the ten Nazi Germans allowed Hitler’s influence to spread throughout their small town of Kronenberg. However, the â€Å"benevolent account† is superficial in that it does not apologize for the Nazi sympathizers, but rather provides an objective look into why they accepted the authority of a dictator, rather than living in the post-World War I Germany that previous generations had suffered through. Seeking out the benefits of centralized power, the ten lower class individuals showcased in Mayer’s narrative joined the Nazi Party in order to secure a higher self-esteem, mainly through easier access to jobs and a national pride that had long ago faded. For the most part, the individual citizens who took up the Nazi cause cared very little for the exact specifics of the program advocated by Hitler and others; however, it was the fringe benefits of the system that caught their attention. The anti-Semitic stance of the government was an acceptable compromise for many who had no personal or emotional connection to their Jewish neighbors, who were being run out of the country and financially ruined by governmental seizures. This anti-Semitic environment was something that had always dealt with, and they believed it was necessary for disposing of the parliamentary system that held back social progress. The Nazis that Mayer interviews were not hypnotized or irrationally appealed to in order to surrender their liberties to a totalitarian government. The Nazis appealed to the rational self-interests of the German citizens: making political promises to the country that addressed the kinds of deeply problematic social and economic problems that had afflicted the nation for decades. By contextualizing the rise of Nazism with the Great Depression, which afflicted Germany just as it afflicted the United States, one realizes the ease with which a party of promises could gain influence quickly among the working classes. Additionally, the popular perception of Hitler was that of a great enemy to communism: the same motivation that operated on many Ameri cans during the Cold War. By examining the rationalization for Nazi power in the years leading up to World War II, one begins to see the interest that Mayer has in social movements following inspirational leaders. By taking the Nazis, who were socialists, as the enemy of communism, the German people sought self-interest, not community. This is understandable that people would seek their self-interest in an economically downtrodden country; however, what Nazism became after it attained power went far beyond the economic

Ecological survey of the Lime Cay Essay Example for Free

Ecological survey of the Lime Cay Essay Lime Cay, the man islet of the Port Royal Cays, located 17 degrees north and 76 degrees west, is one of the many cays in Jamaica. By definition, a cay is a small low elevated sandy island formed on the surface of a coral reef. These types of islands are usually found in the Caribbean Sea, Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Ocean. Also they are circular in shape. A cay is home to many different species due to the formation of habitats such as the rocky shore habitat. A cay is formed when the current of the ocean transport lose sediments across the surface of a reef to a depositional node, which is where two currents converge and the sediment load is released. Layers of deposited sediment gradually build up on the reef surface resulting in a low island forming on this reef. Cays provide a variety of habitats ranging from marine to terrestrial. Hence, Cays are important protectors of the biodiversity of our planet. Cays provide several habitats for its organisms such as rocky shores, sea grass beds, sand bed, coral beds and inner terrestrial land. Prominent organisms that occupy the marine and the coastal habitats include echinoderms, crabs, fishes etc. The terrestrial portion of Cay is usually dominated by various Mangrove species. Method: A trip was made to Lime Cay to carry out a comprehensive ecological study of Lime Cay. It was done in 4 parts: Project 1: The Impact of Man on the Environment Persons walked along the cay and waded in the water to find evidence of the presence of man to determine the ways in which he affects the habitat. Evidence of the presence of animals was also investigated and a possible food web was made based on the animals (or evidence of animals) that were observed. Project 2: Echinoderm Distribution A group of 8 swimmers went into the surrounding sea of the cay with snorkelling gear in order to observe the abundance and distribution of echinoderms in habitats where they were likely to be found. A quadrant was randomly thrown 5 times in each of the different sea habitats. These included the sea grass, sea sand and the rocky habitats. The number of echinoderms in the quadrant for each throw in each habitat was recorded in a table. Project 3: Mangrove Distribution Persons walked around the cay and into the mangrove, and identified the different mangrove types, making note of the characteristics of each plant, as well as the ambient conditions and how they could affect the distribution of the mangroves. Project 4: Rocky Shore Study A suitable area of the rocky shore was investigated and notes were made on how conditions in this area varied (in terms of temperature and salinity) and how organisms were adapted to live in this environment.

Chemistry Module 6 Separation of a Mixture of Solid Essay Example for Free

Chemistry Module 6 Separation of a Mixture of Solid Essay This lab experiment was conduct and taught based upon the primary instruction and introduction to mixtures. With this lab I was able to determine and execute the proper separation of a mixture of solids through various means, such as evaporation and filtration. Using these techniques presented the separation of different ingredients from a mixture was conducted based upon the usage of individual physical properties of each substance presented in the mixture. . Observations: Throughout this experiment I noted several things. For example as I was heating the sand I completely forgot to cover the top to prevent splatter. Although I did heat the mixture at a much slower speed, this resulted in a loss of sample, further impacting my overall results and contributing to my percent error totals, as the sand was bubbling and slightly splattered. Also, I noted my stirring rod, along with the other tools used, had a bit of solution attached to them. Although minuet in amount I should have weighed and taken note upon the mass of my materials before and after the procedures. Questions: A. How did your proposed Procedures or flow charts at the beginning of this experiment compare to the actual Procedures of this lab exercise? B. Discuss potential advantages or disadvantages of your proposed Procedure compared to the one actually used. C. How would you explain a sand recovery percentage that is higher than the original sand percentage? D. What were potential sources of error in this experiment? A.) The methods I proposed were highly similar to the instructions used in the labpaq manual. Just as stated in the instructions, I would have used the magnet to separate iron fillings, but I would have thought lastly upon evaporation for the sand separation and used the filter. B.) A potential disadvantage of simply filtering out the sand, is that fact that the benzoic acid substance, that was not completely dissolved could have too be filtered out. Also in the filtering of iron with the magnet I would have never thought to use a bag. C.) I could explain a sand recovery percentage that was higher than that of the original sand percentage, as simply a contamination of the other substances left within the sand, such as if the sand were not completely dry as there would still be water that would be included in the measured value, or possibly the benzoic acid? D.) The potential sources of error found in this experiment could include the was heating the sand I completely forgot to cover the top to prevent splatter, removing the mixture out of the ice before adequate crystallization had occurred,. Possibly having the sand, NaCl, or benzoic acid sticking to the iron, also maybe incomplete drying. How did your flow diagram for completing the separation compare to what was really done in the experiment? Were there any advantages or disadvantages to performing the separation the way you first thought it out? Discuss these advantages and disadvantages in the context how the approach might affect the measurement of some of the materials you separated. My flow diagram thought out prior to the conducting of this experiment was carried out well. The methods I proposed were highly similar to the instructions used in the labpaq manual. Just as stated in the instructions, I would have used the magnet to separate iron fillings, but I would have thought lastly upon evaporation for the sand separation and used the filter. I thought it was rather obvious to use the magnet for the iron filings, but really did not have an educated guess for how to separate the rest. A potential disadvantage of simply filtering out the sand, is that fact that the benzoic acid substance, that was not completely dissolved could have too be filtered out. Also in the filtering of iron with the magnet I would have never thought to use a bag. All together these simple differences, although minuet could have greatly altered my results and manipulated the entire data table.

Alien Hand Syndrome: Causes and Effects

Alien Hand Syndrome: Causes and Effects Nia Helyar What is Alien Hand Syndrome and why does it occur? Discuss in relation to one or more case studies. Alien hand syndrome is an intermittent involuntary disorder whereby the hand acts of its ‘own free will’. However, alien hand syndrome is not consistently or precisely defined. Alien hand syndrome describes complex, goal-directed activity in one hand that is not voluntarily initiated by the individual but is well executed (Mark, 2007). This syndrome is an extremely puzzling phenomenon experienced by brain-damaged patients whereby their limb performs purposeful actions without the intention of the patient (Biran, et al., 2006). The patient is unable to explain the exact source of movement from the hand and may actually consider the hand to have a mind of its own (Mark, 2007). It is caused by lesions to the frontal lobes and corpus callosum (Banks et al., 1989) and generally follows acute focal cerebral injury. The most common causes are cerebral hemispheric stroke, severe brain damage or damage to the corpus callosum such as in surgery, which is used to treat severe epilepsy. The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres, therefore surgery to this area of the brain can lead there to be less or no communication between the hemispheres which can lead to limbs acting of their own accord. Alien hand syndrome can also be seen in patients who suffer from a variety of degenerative, dementing cerebral disorders such as Alzheimer’s (Mark, 2007). Due to the numerous different causes of alien hand syndrome there are many variations of the condition. Therefore, it has been that alien hand syndrome is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of symptoms (Chokar et al., 2014). There have been reports of patients who were unable to stop their alien hand from grabbing and seizing nearby objects without any willing from their body (Kumral, 2001). This can be seen by the study of patient JC, a 56 year old man who had suffered from a left hemispheric stroke, with damage extending to the corpus callosum. Four weeks after his stroke he complained of peculiar uncontrolled movements of his hand. His hand would do things â€Å"as though it has a mind of its own† such as playing with light switches, grasping and holding things. In many situations the patient found themselves in the situation where the right hand opposed the left hand without the patient choosing to do so. Furthermore, the alien hand caused the patient difficulty in eating because of the opposing behaviour of the right and left hand (Biran, Giovannetti, Buxbaum, Chatterjee 2006). Often, a patient has to use their other willing hand to prise open their fingers and release the object which the alien hand has grasped (Kumral, 2001). Patients observe and experience their own limbs carrying out purposeful behaviours over which they have no or very little control. In one case it was noted that a patient had picked up a pencil and begun scribbling with the right hand. She indicated she had not initiated the action with the right arm, she experienced a feeling of dissociation from the actions of the right arm, stating that `it will not do what I want it to do’ (Goldberg et al.1981). This alien limb may disrupt movements of the other limb that is actually responding to the intentions of the patient (Akelaitis, 1944-45). Patients can experience their limbs acting without being guided by their own will (Bogen, 1993, fisher, 2000). Bogen, J. E. (1993) found his alien hand undoing the buttons of his shirt even as his â€Å"healthy† limb tried to button the shirt. The errant limb is known to not even rest during sleep in some cases and patients with alien hand syndrome have woken up to find their alien limbs choking them (Banks et al, 1989). In one case the patient’s `left hand would tenaciously grope for and grasp any nearby object, pick and pull at her clothes, and even grasp her throat during sleep . . . . She slept with the arm tied to prevent nocturnal misbehaviour.’ However, she never denied that her hand belonged to her (Banks et al. 1989). This is an important part of this syndrome; that the patient does not deny responsibility for the han d or the behaviour that it carries out. Two types of behaviour are displayed with this syndrome, repetitive involuntary grasping and unilateral goal-directed limb behaviour. Patients clearly recognize that there is a discrepancy between what the hand is doing and their desired actions. The patients are upset by the actions of the hand and will often try to prevent it from moving by grasping it firmly with the other hand (Frith, 2000). MP was a patient who had an operation to repair a ruptured aneurysm of the anterior communication artery. Within two years she was unable to live independently with her family due to the way in which the alien hand syndrome was affecting her life (Sala, 1998). An alien hand sufferer can feel normal sensation in the hand, but believes that the hand, while still part of their body, behaves in a manner that is totally distinct from them. They feel that they have no control over the movements of their alien hand but that, instead, the hand has the capability of acting independent of their conscious control. Alien hands can perform complex acts such as removing clothing which can be seen from examples above. Sometimes the sufferer will not be aware of what the hand is doing until it is brought to his or her attention. Patients frequently report astonishment and frustration at these errant limbs. Overall, alien hand syndrome is difficult to explain as there are many different causes and symptoms that can be described as this condition. However, one symptom that is apparent throughout the many case studies is that the alien hand acts against the willing of the patient. The condition is extremely complex and even though many causes are symptoms are known there is still a lot to learn about it. Further research is therefore required. Word Count: 987 References Akelaitis, A. (1944–1945). Studies on the corpus callosum. IV. Diagonistic dyspraxia in epileptics following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum. American Journal of Psychiatry, 101, 594–599. Biran, I., Giovannetti, T., Buxbaum, L., Chatterjee, A. (2006). The alien hand syndrome: What makes the alien hand alien?.Cognitive Neuropsychology,23(4), 563-582. Chokar, G., Cerase, A., Gough, A., Hasan, S., Scullion, D., El-Sayeh, H., Buccoliero, R. (2014). A case of Parry–Romberg syndrome and alien hand.Journal of the neurological sciences,341(1), 153-157. Farrage, A. D. Alien hand syndrome. http://the-medical-dictionary.com/alien_hand_syndrome_article_5.htm Fisher, C. M. (2000). Alien hand phenomena: A review with the addition of six personal cases. The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 27, 192–203. Frith, C. D., Wolpert, D. M. (2000). Abnormalities in the awareness and control of action.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,355(1404), 1771-1788. Goldberg, G., Mayer, N. H. Toglia, J. U. 1981 Medial frontal cortex and the alien hand sign. Arch. Neurol. 38, 683-686. Kumral, E. (2001). Compulsive grasping hand syndrome: A variant of anarchic hand. Neurology, 57, 2143–2144. Mark, V. W. (2007). Alien hand syndrome. InMedLink neurology(pp. 418-421). MedLink Corporation San Diego. Parkin, A. J. (1996). The alien hand.Methods in madness: case studies in cognitive neuropsychiatry, 173-183. Sala, C. M. S. D. (1998). Disentangling the alien and anarchic hand.Cognitive neuropsychiatry,3(3), 191-207. 1

Bee start up kits :: essays research papers

This is our most popular start-up kit. You get everything listed in our Best-Quality kit, plus valuable extras that will allow your colony to grow and prosper. Here's what's in our super deluxe package: bee-commerce's best quality hivetop feeder so you can easily feed and medicate your bees; two best-quality clear pine deep hive bodies with metal frame rests (one super for brood, and one for the bees' food storage); 20 wooden deep frames; 20 sheets of deep foundation and metal support pins; cypress wood hive stand; our best-quality leather gloves; our how-to video, "An Introduction to Beekeeping"; reversible entrance reducer; cypress bottom board; all-wood tongue & groove inner cover; best-quality cypress hive cover has metal clad cover with double folded corners; 10" hive tool; Tuffy-Boy smoker with full metal guard; best-quality all-cotton Chillyâ„ ¢ Veil; and the best book for the first-year beekeeper, "The Queen and I" (204 pages, hard cover). As a free service, we prebuild the hive cover and bottom board for you! Simply put, there's no better quality start-up kit on the market. We absolutely guarantee it. A quality value that will last you for many years! Best Quality Super Deluxe Startup Kit $385.00 -beecommerce Ready to begin your love affair with honeybees? This kit includes everything you need to get your first colony of bees up and running fast. Note that other start-up kits on the market sometimes use second and even third grade components and inferior quality materials. They even exclude some items to cut costs. Not ours. Our start-up kit has it all, and ensures many years of service by utilizing the best-quality components on the market today. Here's what you get: best-quality clear pine deep hive body ;reversible entrance reducer ;cypress bottom board ;cypress tongue & groove inner cover

Communication In The Millenium :: essays research papers

Communication In the Millenium: 2000 and Beyond The Year 2000. The Millenium. With these phrases come the thoughts of the future and futuristic living. Although the lifestyle of the Jetson’s, with moon shot apartment complexes and flying cars, is more science fiction and entertainment than science fact, how many of their fantasy inventions might someday be a fact? With the new century less than 3 months away, the year 2000 quickly brings to mind the inventions we once thought of as children watching movies about the future. Flying cars, colonies on the moon, and meals in a pill once floating through our minds. Although it may seem that many of these things are still decades away, and maybe for the better, we should look at how far things have already come, especially in the way that we talk and communicate with each other. How many times have we heard about â€Å"the good old days† when things were â€Å"so much simpler?† When the only communication possible was telegrams, telephone calls, and writing letters. All of those mentioned ways of communication hasn’t become totally obsolete yet, but with all the current technologies, such as the Internet, email, and video-conferencing, it would make most people back in the â€Å"good old days† stare wide-eyed and shake their heads in disbelief. How would one even begin to explain modems and servers and chat rooms to someone who had just bought a touch-tone phone? Yet, it was back in those â€Å"good old days† when things that we today consider necessities would have then been considered impossible. So, what about communication technologies of tomorrow? Will they have us shaking our head and staring wide-eyed as our parents and grandparents did so many years ago at the mere hint of an idea of communication beyond the telephone? Can we even begin to comprehend the way communication will change the world; the way it is changing the world as we speak? Or will we just accept it as we go, marveling at the new innovations and technologies briefly, as if something new isn’t new enough for us. One thing when mentioning communication in the millenium is how exactly will things change? Will all of us need to be Internet-literate? According to Paul Taylor, the next millenium will be defined by having access to computational resources for the communication purposes. We as a society are already so dependent on these resources that they are becoming more and more mainstream everyday.

A word on racism

Past week was United Nations day. The point of this holiday is to celebrate our heritage, to bring conformity, to create unity among a species which finds the very notion difficult. It is a holiday meant to put aside differences and to reach out to those next to you. To take their hands and with them lead forward into a place where those among us can be treated as equals. That was the reason for the hands. There were so many hands; each a different color, pasted all over the walls, the table, the pillar holding up the ceiling in the small lounge area. Each one bore a name. As I walked past, on my way to a class to which I was desperately late, I passed a table. At that table sat five or so students, each with a hand, each writing their name as well as their race upon it. â€Å"Come, make a hand!† the girl at the table cheerily ordered me as she passed me a limp cardboard cutout of an appendage. I shook my head. â€Å"No thanks.† At that I got an odd look. It was as if she were wondering, ‘why wouldn't someone want to make one of these?' She was puzzled, but persistent. She shoved the hand toward me again and I bristled. Not the best move, but involuntary. â€Å"I said I don't want to make one.† I turned my shoulder. I tried my best to convey with my body language, my eyes, my tone of voice, that I would not be swayed. She frowned. Scowled almost. â€Å"You must be some kind of racist. Whatever.† â€Å"Give me that.† I grabbed at the cardboard cutout almost fiercely. I sat at the table, pulled an assortment of markers toward me, and began writing. To hell with being late to class. I didn't care anymore. It took me but seconds to finish the hand and to give it back to the girl. She frowned at me once again. â€Å"This isn't what you're supposed–† â€Å"–I have a right to have it up there just like everyone else.† She shrugged. It seemed she sensed she had lost the argument. She took the hand and stapled it to a sheet of blue paper hanging on the wall. I found then, and only then, that I was disgusted by the whole principle. How is it, as a society, that the things that are supposed to make us the same turn out to make us different? It was that factor alone that disgusted me. Those hands were meant to bring us together, but instead they merely focused on our differences. Black. White. Hispanic. We are not color blind. We have an innate ability to separate. To label as good or bad the color of one's skin. On a holiday meant to represent unity, we were instead separating ourselves. That was the reason I made my hand different. The reason I ignored the boundaries and instead labeled the hand with something that the girl considered to be ‘racist'. The reason I chose to be equal. After all, how are we to be equal if we only focus on the things that make us unequal? It should not be the color of one's skin but the quality of that person that makes each unique. That hand said only one thing.

Celta – Pre-Course Task

CELTA Pre-Course Task – Pamela Thomason Task 1 1. My CELTA course will be within a multilingual group in a fairly small mixed gender class. Fellow students will all have some kind of formal education. 2. After finishing my CELTA I’ll probably teach both one-to-one lessons and lessons in monolingual groups. Task 2 1. I decided to teach adults partly because it will be easier to find employment in this context but I also like the idea of teaching to someone who voluntarily chose to learn the subject. 2. I can bring my experience as a language learner and teacher of my own language. 3.Adult learners are motivated to learn because they have chosen to study the subject. They may already speak several languages. They are usually disciplined. They may have ideas and expectations about how the class should go. Task 3 1. I would like to find out what other languages they speak, their level of education and their reason for wanting to learn English. I also think it would be usefu l to know about their interest and hobbies and their expectation for the course. 2. If the lesson is one to one I can ask the person directly. If it is a group class I might make them fill in a questionnaire.Task 4. I believe the most challenging learners would be the one who are studying English because of pressure from their parents. Task 5 I would say sense of humour, patience, enthusiasm, gives clear information and feedback, friendliness. Task 6 I associate grammar with logic, good writing, dryness (in the context of language learning), something difficult to memorise. Task 7 1. Correct 2. I went to the movies last night 3. He often comes late. 4. Correct. 5. Can I have a black coffee, please? 6. People with 12 items or fewer can queue here. Task 8First of all grammar is part of the teaching of a language and a teacher needs to know the subject he/she is teaching. It is also important that the students trust their teachers and can rely on them for any doubts or questions. Not k nowing the answer to their questions makes them doubt your teaching skills and discourages them from learning. Task 9 1. pronoun 2. article 3. conjunction 4. adverb 5. adjective 6. verb 7. demonstrative adjective 8. preposition 9. verb 10. noun Task 10 1. Lexical 2. Lexical 3. Auxiliary 4. Auxiliary 5. Auxiliary 6. Lexical Task 11 1. lexical 2. auxiliary 3. auxiliary 4. lexical 5. lexical 6. lexical 7. uxiliary 8. lexical Task 12 1-C 2-E 3-B 4-A 5-D Task 13 1 past tense form 2 –ing form 3 3rd person –present simple tense 4 base form 5 past participle form Task 14 Hear – heard – heard – irregular, Do – did – done – irregular, Help – helped – helped – irregular, Think – thought – thought – irregular, Take – took – taken – irregular, Steal – stole – stolen – irregular, Go – went – gone – irregular, Drink – drank – drunk – irregular, Arrive – arrived – arrived – regular. Task 15 1. Past progressive active. 2. Past modal perfect active. 3. Present perfect active. 4. Past progressive passive. 5. Past active 6. Modal progressive active.Task 16 1. Present continuous 2. Past simple 3. Present simple 4. Past perfect 5. Present simple 6. Future perfect 7. Past simple – Past continuous 8. Present perfect continuous Task 17 1. Past 2. Future 3. Past up until present 4. Present 5. Present (maybe past and future too) Task 18 The verb â€Å"to be†. The â€Å"ing† form. Task 19 – Future – The action takes place regularly (past, present, future) – Past- the action takes place in the moment of the story Task 20 All these verbs cannot be use in the progressive form. The simple present should be used in these cases. Task 21 How the word is pronounced. If it is a noun, adjective, verb, pronoun etc.If it is a noun if it is countable or uncoun table. If it is a verb, if it is transitive or intransitive. Bigger dictionaries also provide examples of usage. Task 22 1. â€Å"Highest† is incorrect. When speaking about people’s heights the adjective â€Å"tall† is used. 2. â€Å"Enervated† is a very formal word – not appropriate in this context. 3. â€Å"Pretentious† has a negative connotation and conflicts with the statement that it is a good essay 4. A slap cannot be loving 5. Footing is not used Task 23 1. Adverb-adjective collocation 2. Verb-noun collocation, verb-noun collocation 3. Adverb-adjective collocation 4. Verb-preposition collocation 5.Adverb-adjective collocation 6. Verb-preposition collocation; adjective-noun collocation Task 24 1-B; 2-C; 3-A Task 25 1-B; 2-C; 3-A Task 26 1. Their 2. South 3. Language. 4. Peaceful 5. Young 6. Call 7. Search 8. Equation 9. Sugar Task 27 1. guarantee 2. cavalry 3. mechanisation 4. language 5. retreat 6. speculative 7. success 8. balance 9. identity 10. articulate. Task 28 Photograph, photography, photographer, photographic To record/a record, to increase/an increase, to present/a present, to import/an import They may experience problems because the words have the same root but the stress falls in different syllables. Task 29Mother, forget, announce, tonight, notable, mention, patrol, indicative Task 30 Work-related email – read carefully paying attention to all the details Short newspapers articles – read to understand the message of the text Long newspaper articles – browsing through, trying to gasp the main message Task 31 1. Gist reading/Reading to infer 2. Scan reading 3. Reading to infer 4. Gist reading/Intensive reading Task 32 It is time consuming, can put the person off. It is difficult to keep the interest alive when you have to pause every two minutes. It is also useless as the main information can be obtained even without understanding all the words.Task 33 They may have studied the la nguage in the past in their native country and learned the phonetic sounds differently (it happened to me) so they don’t recognise the words. When reading you know when a word starts and end, when listening it is not always so. In reading you have more time to process information. Task 34 I was listening to a friend. I did that in two ways. We were first chatting and then discussing when and where to meet later. In the former case I was listening to infer her point of view on things, in the second case I was listening in a way that focused on the information I needed. I also spoke to my mum.Since she does a lot of small talk I was skim listening, just making sure I could follow her thread of thoughts without paying to much attention to details. Task 35 1. Intensive listening 2. Gist listening 3. Scan listening 4. Intensive listening 5. Listening to infer meaning 6. Gist listening Task 36 Learning grammar doesn’t give you the ability to speak a language. When we acquire our mother tongue we learn how to speak first and then learn the grammar. Something similar should happen when learning a new language. Listening and speaking are key. Task 37 1. Could be clear depending on context but generally I would say no 2.Yes 3. Yes 4. It is ambiguous in itself but as a reply to A it is understandable. Task 38 1. Transactional 2. Transactional 3. Interactional 4. Interactional 5. Transactional 6. Interactional Task 39 They acquire confidence. They find themselves in real life situation as opposed to just doing learning abstract things. They can learn something from the people they are talking to. They learn other, non-verbal skills, to make themselves understood and that helps the improvement of the language on the long run. Task 40 1. S 2. W 3. S 4. S 5. W 6. S 7. S 8. W 9. W. 10. W 11. W. 12. S Task 41 1.She threw the ball hard so it hurt hen I caught it. The words â€Å"though† and â€Å"threw† and â€Å"caught† and â€Å"caught† sound the same. 2. My brother lives in Sweden. The vowels are not pronounced. It could also be that the student’s mother tongue does not use many vowels. 3. However hard I try it never works. The confusion may come from the fact that â€Å"however† can also be used as an adverb to introduce a contrasting idea and in that case it is followed by a comma. 4. First of all he invited me to sit down, after that he offered me a coffee. I was very surprised by his politeness. The student is not familiar with punctuation and capitalisation.Task 42 There are spelling issues and also cohesion and syntax mistakes. To improve the students’ writing skills I would encourage them to write and then correct their mistakes. I would also make them do a lot of reading. Task 43 a. 3; b. 6; c. 1; d. 5; e. 2; f. 7 Task 44 1. f; 2. g; 3. b; 4. e; 5. i; 6. h. 7. d 8. c. 9. a Task 45 1. the word is idiomatic and probably unknown to the student. Can be substituted with â€Å"write that down†. 2. too indirect – can be confusing. Substitute with: Look at question number 4 and answer it. 3. too many instruction at the same time. Substitute with: Read the text on page 3.After they complete the task: Compare the answer with the person next you. After they complete the task: Write a short summary and story and discuss it with your partner. 4. Ambiguous. Substitute with â€Å"Answer the question at the bottom of the page†. Task 46. 1. Working in group is vital to improve your communication skills and acquire fluency. Students interacting in a group reinforce their own learning. 2. If I translate everything you become dependant on translation. You do not learn a language by simply translating. It can also occur that there is no one-to-one translation from your language to English. . Prejudice is not tolerated in this classroom. If you want to learn you have to set aside all prejudice and be open to difference. Without this open mindset you cannot lear n. 4. Books are important in giving you a structure and allowing you to review at home. Task 47 I would arrange the classroom so that the students playing the assistant and those asking the questions are facing each other. I could use pictures of different language schools and handouts with course information. There could be confusion on the order in which the â€Å"potential students† consult the â€Å"information desk assistants†.Some students may finish earlier than others. Task 48 1. I would explain that â€Å"slim† is the opposite of fat and usually has a positive connotation while â€Å"thin† means very slim, possibly too slim and can have a negative connotation. I would then make examples of famous people who are either slim of thin. Maybe I would ask students to provide examples too. 2. In this case I would mime the two gestures. 3. I would explain that the first expression refers to something that happened regularly in the past while the second o ne refers to the present and it means that I always get up early so it is not a problem for me. . I would explain that â€Å"nervous† means agitated and â€Å"upset† means worried or sad about something. For example: â€Å"I am nervous because I have an exam† and â€Å"I am upset because I failed the exam†. 5. The first expression refers to the present time so it is for 4 weeks back from now. The second one for weeks back from some specific event. Eg. â€Å"Four weeks ago I went to the doctor. † Four weeks before my trip I went to the doctor†. I might also express this graphically with a drawing. Task 49 1.I think the reason the students could not answer questions about the text is that they were to focusing on reading it correctly to pay attention to the content. Personally I would let them read silently and then ask questions. 2. In this case it may be that the topic they were asked to discuss was too advanced and students did not have suff icient vocabulary to tackle it. I would change it to something easier. Task 50 A teacher is a professional and, like all professionals, has to adhere to certain rules. All the points indicated are part of a teacher’s responsibility towards the students and the institution he/she is working for. Celta – Pre-Course Task CELTA Pre-Course Task – Pamela Thomason Task 1 1. My CELTA course will be within a multilingual group in a fairly small mixed gender class. Fellow students will all have some kind of formal education. 2. After finishing my CELTA I’ll probably teach both one-to-one lessons and lessons in monolingual groups. Task 2 1. I decided to teach adults partly because it will be easier to find employment in this context but I also like the idea of teaching to someone who voluntarily chose to learn the subject. 2. I can bring my experience as a language learner and teacher of my own language. 3.Adult learners are motivated to learn because they have chosen to study the subject. They may already speak several languages. They are usually disciplined. They may have ideas and expectations about how the class should go. Task 3 1. I would like to find out what other languages they speak, their level of education and their reason for wanting to learn English. I also think it would be usefu l to know about their interest and hobbies and their expectation for the course. 2. If the lesson is one to one I can ask the person directly. If it is a group class I might make them fill in a questionnaire.Task 4. I believe the most challenging learners would be the one who are studying English because of pressure from their parents. Task 5 I would say sense of humour, patience, enthusiasm, gives clear information and feedback, friendliness. Task 6 I associate grammar with logic, good writing, dryness (in the context of language learning), something difficult to memorise. Task 7 1. Correct 2. I went to the movies last night 3. He often comes late. 4. Correct. 5. Can I have a black coffee, please? 6. People with 12 items or fewer can queue here. Task 8First of all grammar is part of the teaching of a language and a teacher needs to know the subject he/she is teaching. It is also important that the students trust their teachers and can rely on them for any doubts or questions. Not k nowing the answer to their questions makes them doubt your teaching skills and discourages them from learning. Task 9 1. pronoun 2. article 3. conjunction 4. adverb 5. adjective 6. verb 7. demonstrative adjective 8. preposition 9. verb 10. noun Task 10 1. Lexical 2. Lexical 3. Auxiliary 4. Auxiliary 5. Auxiliary 6. Lexical Task 11 1. lexical 2. auxiliary 3. auxiliary 4. lexical 5. lexical 6. lexical 7. uxiliary 8. lexical Task 12 1-C 2-E 3-B 4-A 5-D Task 13 1 past tense form 2 –ing form 3 3rd person –present simple tense 4 base form 5 past participle form Task 14 Hear – heard – heard – irregular, Do – did – done – irregular, Help – helped – helped – irregular, Think – thought – thought – irregular, Take – took – taken – irregular, Steal – stole – stolen – irregular, Go – went – gone – irregular, Drink – drank – drunk – irregular, Arrive – arrived – arrived – regular. Task 15 1. Past progressive active. 2. Past modal perfect active. 3. Present perfect active. 4. Past progressive passive. 5. Past active 6. Modal progressive active.Task 16 1. Present continuous 2. Past simple 3. Present simple 4. Past perfect 5. Present simple 6. Future perfect 7. Past simple – Past continuous 8. Present perfect continuous Task 17 1. Past 2. Future 3. Past up until present 4. Present 5. Present (maybe past and future too) Task 18 The verb â€Å"to be†. The â€Å"ing† form. Task 19 – Future – The action takes place regularly (past, present, future) – Past- the action takes place in the moment of the story Task 20 All these verbs cannot be use in the progressive form. The simple present should be used in these cases. Task 21 How the word is pronounced. If it is a noun, adjective, verb, pronoun etc.If it is a noun if it is countable or uncoun table. If it is a verb, if it is transitive or intransitive. Bigger dictionaries also provide examples of usage. Task 22 1. â€Å"Highest† is incorrect. When speaking about people’s heights the adjective â€Å"tall† is used. 2. â€Å"Enervated† is a very formal word – not appropriate in this context. 3. â€Å"Pretentious† has a negative connotation and conflicts with the statement that it is a good essay 4. A slap cannot be loving 5. Footing is not used Task 23 1. Adverb-adjective collocation 2. Verb-noun collocation, verb-noun collocation 3. Adverb-adjective collocation 4. Verb-preposition collocation 5.Adverb-adjective collocation 6. Verb-preposition collocation; adjective-noun collocation Task 24 1-B; 2-C; 3-A Task 25 1-B; 2-C; 3-A Task 26 1. Their 2. South 3. Language. 4. Peaceful 5. Young 6. Call 7. Search 8. Equation 9. Sugar Task 27 1. guarantee 2. cavalry 3. mechanisation 4. language 5. retreat 6. speculative 7. success 8. balance 9. identity 10. articulate. Task 28 Photograph, photography, photographer, photographic To record/a record, to increase/an increase, to present/a present, to import/an import They may experience problems because the words have the same root but the stress falls in different syllables. Task 29Mother, forget, announce, tonight, notable, mention, patrol, indicative Task 30 Work-related email – read carefully paying attention to all the details Short newspapers articles – read to understand the message of the text Long newspaper articles – browsing through, trying to gasp the main message Task 31 1. Gist reading/Reading to infer 2. Scan reading 3. Reading to infer 4. Gist reading/Intensive reading Task 32 It is time consuming, can put the person off. It is difficult to keep the interest alive when you have to pause every two minutes. It is also useless as the main information can be obtained even without understanding all the words.Task 33 They may have studied the la nguage in the past in their native country and learned the phonetic sounds differently (it happened to me) so they don’t recognise the words. When reading you know when a word starts and end, when listening it is not always so. In reading you have more time to process information. Task 34 I was listening to a friend. I did that in two ways. We were first chatting and then discussing when and where to meet later. In the former case I was listening to infer her point of view on things, in the second case I was listening in a way that focused on the information I needed. I also spoke to my mum.Since she does a lot of small talk I was skim listening, just making sure I could follow her thread of thoughts without paying to much attention to details. Task 35 1. Intensive listening 2. Gist listening 3. Scan listening 4. Intensive listening 5. Listening to infer meaning 6. Gist listening Task 36 Learning grammar doesn’t give you the ability to speak a language. When we acquire our mother tongue we learn how to speak first and then learn the grammar. Something similar should happen when learning a new language. Listening and speaking are key. Task 37 1. Could be clear depending on context but generally I would say no 2.Yes 3. Yes 4. It is ambiguous in itself but as a reply to A it is understandable. Task 38 1. Transactional 2. Transactional 3. Interactional 4. Interactional 5. Transactional 6. Interactional Task 39 They acquire confidence. They find themselves in real life situation as opposed to just doing learning abstract things. They can learn something from the people they are talking to. They learn other, non-verbal skills, to make themselves understood and that helps the improvement of the language on the long run. Task 40 1. S 2. W 3. S 4. S 5. W 6. S 7. S 8. W 9. W. 10. W 11. W. 12. S Task 41 1.She threw the ball hard so it hurt hen I caught it. The words â€Å"though† and â€Å"threw† and â€Å"caught† and â€Å"caught† sound the same. 2. My brother lives in Sweden. The vowels are not pronounced. It could also be that the student’s mother tongue does not use many vowels. 3. However hard I try it never works. The confusion may come from the fact that â€Å"however† can also be used as an adverb to introduce a contrasting idea and in that case it is followed by a comma. 4. First of all he invited me to sit down, after that he offered me a coffee. I was very surprised by his politeness. The student is not familiar with punctuation and capitalisation.Task 42 There are spelling issues and also cohesion and syntax mistakes. To improve the students’ writing skills I would encourage them to write and then correct their mistakes. I would also make them do a lot of reading. Task 43 a. 3; b. 6; c. 1; d. 5; e. 2; f. 7 Task 44 1. f; 2. g; 3. b; 4. e; 5. i; 6. h. 7. d 8. c. 9. a Task 45 1. the word is idiomatic and probably unknown to the student. Can be substituted with â€Å"write that down†. 2. too indirect – can be confusing. Substitute with: Look at question number 4 and answer it. 3. too many instruction at the same time. Substitute with: Read the text on page 3.After they complete the task: Compare the answer with the person next you. After they complete the task: Write a short summary and story and discuss it with your partner. 4. Ambiguous. Substitute with â€Å"Answer the question at the bottom of the page†. Task 46. 1. Working in group is vital to improve your communication skills and acquire fluency. Students interacting in a group reinforce their own learning. 2. If I translate everything you become dependant on translation. You do not learn a language by simply translating. It can also occur that there is no one-to-one translation from your language to English. . Prejudice is not tolerated in this classroom. If you want to learn you have to set aside all prejudice and be open to difference. Without this open mindset you cannot lear n. 4. Books are important in giving you a structure and allowing you to review at home. Task 47 I would arrange the classroom so that the students playing the assistant and those asking the questions are facing each other. I could use pictures of different language schools and handouts with course information. There could be confusion on the order in which the â€Å"potential students† consult the â€Å"information desk assistants†.Some students may finish earlier than others. Task 48 1. I would explain that â€Å"slim† is the opposite of fat and usually has a positive connotation while â€Å"thin† means very slim, possibly too slim and can have a negative connotation. I would then make examples of famous people who are either slim of thin. Maybe I would ask students to provide examples too. 2. In this case I would mime the two gestures. 3. I would explain that the first expression refers to something that happened regularly in the past while the second o ne refers to the present and it means that I always get up early so it is not a problem for me. . I would explain that â€Å"nervous† means agitated and â€Å"upset† means worried or sad about something. For example: â€Å"I am nervous because I have an exam† and â€Å"I am upset because I failed the exam†. 5. The first expression refers to the present time so it is for 4 weeks back from now. The second one for weeks back from some specific event. Eg. â€Å"Four weeks ago I went to the doctor. † Four weeks before my trip I went to the doctor†. I might also express this graphically with a drawing. Task 49 1.I think the reason the students could not answer questions about the text is that they were to focusing on reading it correctly to pay attention to the content. Personally I would let them read silently and then ask questions. 2. In this case it may be that the topic they were asked to discuss was too advanced and students did not have suff icient vocabulary to tackle it. I would change it to something easier. Task 50 A teacher is a professional and, like all professionals, has to adhere to certain rules. All the points indicated are part of a teacher’s responsibility towards the students and the institution he/she is working for.

Building shelf management system

Introduction to the undertakingManagement system means the methods by which an administration programs, operates, and controls its activities to run into its ends and aims by using the resources of money, people, equipment stuffs and information. Management information systems are used by companies to assist maintain them more organized in certain parts of concerns. For illustration, companies use databases as a manner or hive awaying information as it helps them to entree informations more rapidly and remain more organized. It is better than holding a paper-based system where relevant information can be lost or read falsely. Besides with paper-based systems, they take up a batch of room as you need a topographic point to hive away it all, for illustration, a filing cabinet. The undertaking I have decided to make will affect me analyzing, planing, and implementing a stock database system for warehouse operations in a little concern. In future this database could be used by other little concern companies as good. The company that I have decided to utilize is Biring ‘s News, which I have been working for over 4 old ages. The database will enable the company to pull off their stock that comes in and out of the warehouse. The ground I have chosen to make this company is due to the fact that I have been working at that place for such a long clip. I ‘ve learnt about how the concern itself runs and have seen jobs occur and become resolved or need to be resolved throughout the clip I have been at that place. Biring ‘s News has a concatenation of newsdealers which are based over Kent and London. The proprietors of the concern are ever either opening more stores in new locations or shuting them down in others. It would be utile for the company to hold a system that shows them how the stock is being managed, what is selling good and what is non.Background of the CompanyBiring ‘s News is owned by Jasbir Biring. They own a concatenation of newsdealers which are located in Kent and London. The stores are all situated within shopping Centres like Bluewater Shopping Centre and Westfield Shopping Centre. They sell a scope of stock such as, Sweets, drinks, magazines, coffin nails and newspapers. Biring ‘s News opened there first store in Lakeside shopping Centre, 1989, which was a great success and led them to open more and subdivision out towards London. In entire, the company has opened up to 8 newsdealers since 1989, some are still running and others have been sold on. At the minute, the company has one chief warehouse where all the stock is kept for all of Mr Biring ‘s stores ; so workers are ever in and out taking what they need when they want. The job with this is that there is no record of good coming in and good coming out, so there is no record of what points are low in stock and what points there are excessively much of. The result of this is that the director has jobs with stock that is non selling really good which leads to him holding excessively much in the warehouse which can besides so go out of day of the month, so he is losing out on money. Another job that would happen is that he may run low on stock that is high in demand ; therefore he will be losing out on gross revenues. The company besides have a concatenation of providers that they use. They use the same provider for magazines and newspapers as they receive that stock automatically on a day-to-day footing. When it comes to buying confectionary, they do non lodge to one provider. They go by which of all time supplier has the best monetary value for whatever they need or if any of them have particular offers. This is besides a job that leads to holding excessively much stock, as they are merely looking at what is on offer and merely buying it, even without detecting that they have plenty of the point in the warehouse. At the minute, the company has no record of what is kept in the warehouse, the lone manner of cognizing what is in the warehouse is by roll uping bills of what has been purchased or by staff advising the director about what is losing in the warehouse.Aim of ProjectThe purpose of the undertaking is to:Write in item what the job isState how the job could be solvedState how the system will work and what it is intended to makeIdentify all the demands for the systemAnalyse and plan the system that I intend to bring forthImplement the systemMake a user usher for the company so that they are able to utilize the systemAim of the UndertakingThe aim of the undertaking will enable the company to:Become more organized – they will be able to maintain path of what stock they have, so they wo n't hold the job off holding excessively small stock or extra stock.Save money – the system will enable the company to salvage money as they will cognize what they have, so they will non purchase stock that is non required.Think of some more aims! ! !ResearchManagement information systemsManagement Information Systems can be used to treat informations into utile information. For illustration, it could be a system used to do orders. There are three types of direction information systems which are:Decision Support SystemsInformation coverage systemsExecutive information systemsDecision Support systemsThis type of system allows strategic and tactical determinations to be made. Decision support systems are chiefly used to back up the tactical, semi structured determinations that need to be made as portion of the rating and planning of a concern. Executive information systems are targeted at strategic determination devising, which frequently involves unstructured determinations. This type of system is normally created by the terminal user as they are the 1s who normally use it. That manner they know how is works directly off. Examples of where determination support systems are used are to analyze informations and see if there are any tendencies, for case, looking at gross revenues figures over a period of clip.Information coverage systemsThis type of system helps companies as it produces studies which can assist them to do determinations within the company. For illustration, this type of system would assist Biring ‘s News as you could bring forth studies of what was in stock, so the director would hold an thought on what he needs to buy. There are two types of describing systems which are periodic studies and exclusion studies. Periodic studies are produced merely when required by determination shapers at regular intervals. Examples include a monthly fiscal statement and a hebdomadal gross revenues analysis. Exception studies are produced merely when asked for. This would be utile for Biring ‘s News as the director could easy publish a study out for himself whenever he needed it, for illustration, he would necessitate a transcript of the stock study when he planned to do an order from a provider.Executive information systemsProvides senior directors with a system to help them in taking strategic and tactical determinations. Their intent is to analyze, comparison and highlight tendencies to assist regulate the strategic way of the company. They are normally integrated with operational systems, giving directors the installation to ‘drill down ‘ to happen farther information on the job.Off the Shelf packageA criterion bing system is purchased from a package seller and installed on computing machines located within an administration. This type of package can be purchased by anyone and can be used to run by 1000s of people. You can buy many types of off the shelf package depending on what field you ‘re working in, for illustration, if you do photo use you could buy package such as Photoshop, which is really popular. With this type of package, it is moderately priced as it is popular. It is utile for smaller companies as they are chiefly capable of being able to make what the company wants. This package is non every bit utile to bigger companies as they prefer to hold package to make precisely what they want. For illustration, off the shelf package may hold characteristics that are non required by the company or they may be losing applications that the company needs. Bespoke package is a better option for much larger companies, as they can hold it produced to their demands. I will be bring forthing a stock database which will fit the demands for a warehouse storage system, so it will be able to be used by other smaller companies.The Waterfall theoretical accountThe waterfall theoretical account divides a undertaking up into phases. The theoretical accounts show that you should follow each phase in a specific order, as the diagram below indicates. Feasibility Study – This is the phase where the user has to research whether their planned undertaking is executable. The feasibleness is broken down into four stairss:Prepare for feasibleness survey by measuring the range of the undertaking.Define the job ( what should the new system do that the present 1 does non ) .Choose the best feasibleness option from those available ( typically up to five concern options and a similar figure of proficient options ) .Assemble the feasibleness study, including the principle for the selected option.Analysis – this can be broken down into two phases which are the probe of the current environment and concern systems options. Probe of the current environment – this is the most of import out of the two phases. For this, the user will hold made a list of all the demands in the feasibleness survey, so now they will hold to spread out on the demands and do them more elaborate by speaking about how they will be solved. They will besides hold to province what attributes and entities they will necessitate and how they will all be linked in the entity relationship diagram. They will besides hold to take a information theoretical account so they know how they are traveling to finish the undertaking and in what phases. The user will besides hold to set up the purposes and aims of the undertaking. Business system options – this phase comprises two stairss, the aims of which are to hold what the functionality should be. A figure of possible systems solutions for the perceived concern demands are formulated and the impacts and benefits of each will be evaluated. The solution selected will be the one that most closely catches the demands of the concern. The two stairss are:Define concern optionsSelect concern optionDesignSystem design means that the developers describe in item how the system will work, what the end products will be and what inputs are needed. Similarly, processs are described and hardware demands defined.ExecutionThis is the phase where you create the system. It should be made right under all the given demands.Care and TestingAt this phase the system should be completed and tested to see if it works. A user usher should besides be created so it can state the user how to run and keep the package.MethodologyI am traveling to utilize the Waterfall theoretical account to construction my undertaking. I have chosen this because it allows me to research all facets decently before traveling in front and making the system decently. This manner I will non hold the job of burying to add in parts or adding in applications that are non needed. I am traveling to bring forth a stock database system for the company warehouse, which could subsequently be used as an off the shelf bundle by other little warehouse companies. This system will enable the director keep his stock by ever holding a sufficient sum of all his stock. The system will work by holding all the provider information stored on the database. From there the director will be able to entree their web sites and look into what publicities they have and besides compare monetary values to see where he could acquire a better trade. He will besides be able to see all the stock he has in the warehouse. The stock will be shown under their appropriate headers, for illustration, Coke would be stored under drinks. Following to each point of stock, it will province how many of each is stored at the minute. Employee inside informations will besides be stored on the system so that they can entree the system to enter what they had took from the warehouse, so that all the stock de grees are shown right. To bring forth the system I will necessitate the undermentioned information to bring forth the system:Name callings and references of the newsdealersWarehouse inside informations – where it is locatedWhat stock is sold in the storeWhat stock is stored in the warehouse ( magazines and newspapers are non stored at that place, is at that place anything else? )How many providers they useDetailss of providers – what they specialise in sellingDetailss of employees ( this is because they all have entree to the warehouse, so the director will necessitate to maintain path of what they are taking )To happen out all the information I will carry on an interview with the director.Requirements for the system:Employee-Employees must hold their ain user name and watchword to log into the system ; this is to halt any unauthorized entree to the system.They must be able to hold entree to their inside informations so that they can change it if any alterations are needed to be made.They mus t be able to change the measure degrees of all the stock to maintain it updated.The inside informations that will be required of the employee are their first name, last name, which shop they work in, reference, contact figure.There should besides be a map that enables you to add and edit/delete employees.Supplier –The inside informations that will be required are the name of the provider, the reference, website reference, email reference, phone figure.There should besides be a map that enables the user to add and edit/delete providers.Shop-The inside informations that will be required are the names of the stores, what shopping Centres they are located within, and the reference, which employee works at that place.There should be a map available that allows the user to add and edit/delete stores.Warehouse-The inside informations that will be required for the warehouse is the warehouse figure, the reference, what is stored at that place.Stock-The inside informations that will be required is the name of everything that is sold in the store, for illustration, Sweets, magazines, coffin nails, etc. Besides you will necessitate to cognize the measure of it that is stored in the warehouse.There should be a map available that allows the user to add and edit/delete stock, either when they proprietor decides to halt selling it or when a new point is released in the market.Hazard AnalysisResourcesThe package that I am traveling to utilize to make the information system is Microsoft Access. Microsoft Access is a Relational Database Management system. It is a really popular database system and it is easy to utilize. Microsoft Access database contains a figure of different applications ; some of them are table ‘s questions, signifiers, studies, macros and so on. Tables – these are used for informations storage. The tabular arraies are presented in rows and columns to the user so that they can input at that place informations. The tabular array is shown in a similar manner to a spreadsheet format as all the gridlines are seeable. Questions – they gather certain information from different tabular arraies and expose them all on one screen. Using a question you can alter the order of records ( screening ) , retrieve single records or groups of records ( seeking and filtrating ) , count, amount, norm, and otherwise summarize informations values ( collection ) and compute new values from values held in the tabular array ( computation ) . Forms – this allows information from tabular arraies to be displayed in a more professional manner. With signifiers you are able to add in images as you ca n't infix them into tabular arraies. Reports- studies are used for showing information in different formats. They can besides incorporate images and graphs.MentionsBocij, P, Chaffey, D, Greasley, A, Hickie S. ( 2006 ) Business Information Systems Prentice Hall, Pearson instruction. Chapters 6 & A ; 7Boddy, D, Boonstra, A, Kennedy, G ( 2002 ) Pull offing Information Systems Prentice Hall, Pearson instruction. Chapter 1Dowling, N ( 1998 ) Database Design and Management utilizing Access Letts. Great Britain. Chapter 1Glanss, T, Grad, B, Holstein, D, Meyers, W, Schmidt, R ( 1968 ) Management Systems United States of America. Chapter 1BibliographyThe hired Institute for IT. Retrieved on: 12/10/09, from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bcs.org/server.php? show=ConWebDoc.2767Hero Solutions. Retrieved on: 12/10/09, from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hero-solutions.co.uk/articles/bespokevsofftheshelf.aspMicrosoft Office Online. Retrieved on: 13/10/09, from the World Wide Web: hypert ext transfer protocol: //office.microsoft.com/en-us/access/HA101656301033.aspxMicrosoft Office Online. Retrieved on: 13/10/09, from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //office.microsoft.com/en-us/access/HA101650211033.aspx

Pneumatology: Spiritual Gifts Essay

There are actually three biblical lists of the â€Å"gifts of the Spirit,† also known as spiritual gifts. The three main passages describing the spiritual gifts are (Romans 12:6-8; 1 Corinthians 12:4-11; and 1 Corinthians 12:28). The spiritual gifts identified in (Romans 12) are prophesying, serving, teaching, encouraging, giving, leadership, and mercy. The list in (1 Corinthians 12:4-11) includes the word of wisdom, the word of knowledge, faith, healing, miraculous powers, prophecy, distinguishing between spirits, speaking in tongues and interpretation of tongues. The list in (1 Corinthians 12:28) includes healings, helps, governments, diversities of tongues. Speaking in tongues – The gift of tongues is one of the temporary â€Å"sign gifts† given to the early Church to enable the gospel to be preached throughout the world to all nations and in all known languages. It involved the divine ability to speak in languages previously unknown to the speaker. This gift authenticated the message of the gospel and those who preached it as coming from God. The phrase â€Å"diversity of tongues† (KJV) or â€Å"different kinds of tongues† (NIV) effectively eliminates the idea of a â€Å"personal prayer language† as a spiritual gift. The apostles were for the most part ordinary men and only a few of them knowing another language other than their own. Even though there are those who teach that the gift of speaking in tongues is no longer a valid gift, in (1 Corinthians 13) we are told that at some time the sign gifts will cease. Some theologians say that the word â€Å"perfect† in verse 10 refers to the completion of the Revelation of God. Others teach that it refers to the resurrection. I believe that God can do whatever He wants. I don’t believe that the way we see this gift portrayed today is neither edifying to the church nor honoring God. If the gifts such as healing and speaking in tongues are still viable today, I believe that the gifts would be used in such a way as to never bring attention or glory to the one who possesses the gift, which is the opposite of what we see today. Even Paul said, â€Å"yet in the church I would rather speak five words with my understanding, that I may reach others also, than ten thousand words in a tongue. (1 Corinthians 14:19) I do believe that the Holy Spirit can lead any one at any time to speak in tongues if required by God to do so, with certain rules to be followed. In today’s churches, I find the rules not to be followed, so therefore I choose to believe it to be misguided and generic at best, due to lack of interpretation. Interpretation of tongues – A person with the gift of interpreting tongues could understand what a tongues-speaker was saying even though he did not know the language that was being spoken. The tongues interpreter would then communicate the message of the tongues speaker to everyone else, so all could understand. â€Å"What then shall we say, brothers? When you come together, everyone has a hymn, or a word of instruction, a revelation, a tongue or an interpretation. All of these must be done for the strengthening of the church. If anyone speaks in a tongue, two — or at the most three — should speak, one at a time, and someone must interpret. If there is no interpreter, the speaker should keep quiet in the church and speak to himself and God. † (1 Corinthians 14:26-28). In this passage Paul gave instructions for orderly worship. In his instructions we are told that if anyone speaks in a tongue, it should be two or three at the most and someone must interpret. What we see in most charismatic churches is contrary to these guidelines. I have visited several Pentecostal churches and have never seen a scriptural display of the gift of tongues. As I said before, if the gifts such as tongues and healing are still viable today, they would be used in such a way as to not draw attention to one person. What I have seen did not edify the church and it did glorify God. The sign gifts were given to confirm apostolic revelation. In â€Å"Theology Today†, Elmer Towns states, â€Å"When constructing a building, it is necessary to erect scaffolding to aid construction. When the building is built, the scaffolding is removed. The sign gifts were the spiritual scaffolding that God used as His authority to build the church†¦When the authority of the written Word of God was complete, God took the scaffolding down. † Whenever I come in contact with someone who objects to my views on tongues I just explain that the Bible spends so little time on the subject yet we spend too much of our time arguing about it. There are several places in Scripture I could take the time to make my views understood, but like many others, why waste the time on it when it does not serve a purpose pleasing to God? Along with the gift of tongues, there are other gifts listed that are still viable and useful and could be used in service to edify the church and bring glory to God. The baptism of the Holy Spirit occurs at the moment of salvation. We are all given the same portion of the Holy Spirit; but the Christian life is all about the Holy Spirit gaining more territory in us. There are three occasions in the book of Acts where speaking in tongues accompanied the receiving of the Holy Spirit—(Acts 2:4, 10:44-46, and 19:6). However, these three occasions are the only places in the Bible where speaking in tongues is an evidence of receiving the Holy Spirit. Throughout the book of Acts, thousands of people believe in Jesus and nothing is said about them speaking in tongues (Acts 2:41, 8:5-25, 16:31-34, 21:20). Nowhere in the New Testament is it taught that speaking in tongues is the only evidence a person has received the Holy Spirit. In fact, the New Testament teaches the opposite. We are told that every believer in Christ has the Holy Spirit (Romans 8:9; 1 Corinthians 12:13; Ephesians 1:13-14), but not every believer speaks in tongues (1 Corinthians 12:29-31). The baptism of the Holy Spirit does two things, first it joins us to the body of Christ, and second it actualizes our co-crucifixion with Christ. Being in His body means we are risen with Him to newness of life (Romans 6:4). We should then exercise our spiritual gifts to keep that body functioning properly as stated in the context of (1 Corinthians 12:13). Experiencing the one Spirit baptism serves as the basis for keeping the unity of the church, as in the context of (Ephesians 4:5-6). Being associated with Christ in His death, burial, and resurrection through Spirit baptism establishes the basis for our separation from the power of indwelling sin and our walk in newness of life (Romans 6:1-10; Colossians 2:12). Ephesians 4:5-6 (5) one Lord, one faith, one baptism; (6) one God and Father of all, who is above all, and through all, and in you all.